Abstract
Our objective was to optimize soil management practices to improve soil health to increase peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) yield. We studied the effects of using rotary tillage with mulching film or without [rotary tillage with no mulching (RTNM)], plow tillage with mulching film or without, and green manure with mulching film (GMMF) or without [green manure with no mulching (GMNM)] over 3 years in Tai’an, China. Results showed that compared with RTNM treatment, GMNM and GMMF treatments significantly ( P < 0.05) increased soil organic carbon, enzymatic activity, and the available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content. The dominant bacterial phyla in the soil across all treatments were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Bacterial richness and diversity in the soil were significantly ( P < 0.05) enhanced after GMMF and GMNM treatments compared with those after RTNM treatment. The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis indicated that Chloroflexi abundance in the 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers changed significantly ( P < 0.05) after rotary tillage with mulching film and RTNM treatments, respectively, whereas that of Bacteroidetes changed significantly ( P < 0.05) in the 0–10 layer after GMNM treatment. The abundance of the Xanthobacteraceae family of Proteobacteria in both soil layers changed significantly ( P < 0.05) after GMNM and GMMF treatments. Redundancy analysis revealed that soil physical (soil bulk density and water content), chemical (soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and biological (soil enzymatic activity and nutrient content) characteristics affect the soil bacterial community. Changed soil quality indices may be favorable for leaf photo-assimilate accumulation. Compared with RTNM treatment, GMNM and GMMF treatments significantly increased photosynthesis rate in the peanut leaf and decreased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration. Our results showed that compared with that after RTNM treatment, the average pod yield after GMMF and GMNM treatments increased by 27.85 and 21.26%, respectively, due to increases in the pods per plant and plant numbers. The highest yield of all treatments was obtained from the GMMF-treated plot, followed by that from the GMNM-treated plots. Thus, taking into consideration the residual pollution caused by plastic films, we propose GMNM as a suitable strategy to improve soil physicochemical and microbial properties and to increase the peanut pod yield.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
GMNM and GMMF increased soil organic carbon relative to RTNM.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- GMNM and GMMF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- RTNM treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with RTNM treatment, GMNM and GMMF treatments significantly ( P < 0.05) increased soil organic carbon, enzymatic activity, and the available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
GMNM and GMMF increased enzymatic activity relative to RTNM.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- GMNM and GMMF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- RTNM treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with RTNM treatment, GMNM and GMMF treatments significantly ( P < 0.05) increased soil organic carbon, enzymatic activity, and the available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
GMNM and GMMF increased available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content relative to RTNM.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- GMNM and GMMF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- RTNM treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with RTNM treatment, GMNM and GMMF treatments significantly ( P < 0.05) increased soil organic carbon, enzymatic activity, and the available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria dominated soil bacteria across treatments.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- dominant bacterial phyla in the soile0
- Qualifier
- Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The dominant bacterial phyla in the soil across all treatments were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
GMMF and GMNM enhanced soil bacterial richness and diversity relative to RTNM.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- GMMF and GMNM treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Bacterial richness and diversity in the soile0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- RTNM treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacterial richness and diversity in the soil were significantly ( P < 0.05) enhanced after GMMF and GMNM treatments compared with those after RTNM treatment.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroflexi abundance changed significantly in the 0–10 cm layer after rotary tillage with film.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- rotary tillage with mulching filme0
- Outcome
- Chloroflexi abundancee0
- Qualifier
- 0–10e0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chloroflexi abundance in the 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers changed significantly ( P < 0.05) after rotary tillage with mulching film and RTNM treatments, respectively”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroflexi abundance changed significantly in the 10–20 cm layer after RTNM.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- RTNM treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Chloroflexi abundancee0
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chloroflexi abundance in the 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers changed significantly ( P < 0.05) after rotary tillage with mulching film and RTNM treatments, respectively”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacteroidetes abundance changed significantly in the 0–10 layer after GMNM.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- GMNM treatmente0
- Outcome
- Bacteroidetese0
- Qualifier
- 0–10 layere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of Bacteroidetes changed significantly ( P < 0.05) in the 0–10 layer after GMNM treatment”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Xanthobacteraceae abundance changed significantly in both soil layers after GMNM and GMMF.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- GMNM and GMMF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- abundance of the Xanthobacteraceae family of Proteobacteriae0
- Qualifier
- both soil layerse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The abundance of the Xanthobacteraceae family of Proteobacteria in both soil layers changed significantly ( P < 0.05) after GMNM and GMMF treatments.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics were related to the soil bacterial community.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- soil bacterial communitye0
- Qualifier
- soil physical (soil bulk density and water content), chemical (soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and biological (soil enzymatic activity and nutrient content) characteristicse0
- Setting
- soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil physical (soil bulk density and water content), chemical (soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and biological (soil enzymatic activity and nutrient content) characteristics affect the soil bacterial community”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Changed soil quality indices may favor leaf photo-assimilate accumulation.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- leaf photo-assimilate accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- may be favorablee0
- Setting
- soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Changed soil quality indices may be favorable for leaf photo-assimilate accumulation.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
GMNM and GMMF increased photosynthesis rate relative to RTNM.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- GMNM and GMMF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- RTNM treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with RTNM treatment, GMNM and GMMF treatments significantly increased photosynthesis rate in the peanut leaf and decreased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
GMNM and GMMF decreased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration relative to RTNM.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- GMNM and GMMF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- intercellular carbon dioxide concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- RTNM treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with RTNM treatment, GMNM and GMMF treatments significantly increased photosynthesis rate in the peanut leaf and decreased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
GMMF increased average pod yield by 27.85 relative to RTNM.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- GMMFe0
- Outcome
- average pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.85e0
- Comparator
- RTNM treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with that after RTNM treatment, the average pod yield after GMMF and GMNM treatments increased by 27.85 and 21.26%, respectively, due to increases in the pods per plant and plant numbers.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
GMNM increased average pod yield by 21.26% relative to RTNM.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- GMNMe0
- Outcome
- average pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.26%e0
- Comparator
- RTNM treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with that after RTNM treatment, the average pod yield after GMMF and GMNM treatments increased by 27.85 and 21.26%, respectively, due to increases in the pods per plant and plant numbers.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher pod yield was attributed to increases in pods per plant and plant numbers.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- pods per plant and plant numberse0
- Qualifier
- due to increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“due to increases in the pods per plant and plant numbers.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
GMMF had the highest yield, followed by GMNM.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- GMMF-treated plote0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- GMNM-treated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest yield of all treatments was obtained from the GMMF-treated plot, followed by that from the GMNM-treated plots.”
t0“Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose GMNM to improve soil properties and peanut pod yield.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Outcome
- GMNM as a suitable strategy to improve soil physicochemical and microbial properties and to increase the peanut pod yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we propose GMNM as a suitable strategy to improve soil physicochemical and microbial properties and to increase the peanut pod yield.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.