Abstract
Introduction Crops influence both soil microbial communities and soil organic carbon (SOC) cycling through rhizosphere processes, yet their responses to nitrogen (N) fertilization have not been well investigated under continuous monoculture. Methods In this study, rhizosphere soil microbial communities from a 5-year continuous mono-cropped peanut land were examined using Illumina HighSeq sequencing, with an N fertilization gradient that included 0 (N0), 60 (N60), 120 (N120) and 180 (N180) kg hm −2 . Soil respiration rate ( R s ) and its temperature sensitivity ( Q 10 ) were determined, with soil carbon-acquiring enzyme activities assayed. Results and discussion The obtained results showed that with N fertilization, soil mineral N (N min ) was highly increased and the soil C/N ratio was decreased; yields were unchanged, but root biomass was stimulated only at N120. The activities of β-1,4-glucosidase and polyphenol oxidase were reduced across application rates, but that of β-1,4-cellobiohydrolase was increased only at N120. Bacterial alpha diversity was unchanged, but fungal richness and diversity were increased at N60 and N120. For bacterial groups, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria was reduced, while those of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were increased at N60 and N120. For fungal members, the pathogenic Sordariomycetes was inhibited, but the saprotrophic Agaricomycetes was promoted, regardless of N fertilization rates. RDA identified different factors driving the variations in bacterial (root biomass) and fungal (N min ) community composition. N fertilization increased R s slightly at N60 and significantly at N120, mainly through the promotion of cellulose-related microbes, and decreased R s slightly at N180, likely due to carbon limitation. N fertilization reduced microbial biomass carbon (MBC) at N60, N120 and N180, decreased SOC at N120 and N180, and suppressed dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at N180. In addition, the unchanged Q 10 may be a joint result of several mechanisms that counteracted each other. These results are of critical importance for assessing the sustainability of continuously monocultured ecosystems, especially when confronting global climate change.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization highly increased soil mineral N in continuous peanut monoculture.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- soil mineral Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e0“with N fertilization, soil mineral N (N min ) was highly increased and the soil C/N ratio was decreased; yields were unchanged, but root biomass was stimulated only at N120”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization decreased the soil C/N ratio in continuous peanut monoculture.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- soil C/N ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e0“with N fertilization, soil mineral N (N min ) was highly increased and the soil C/N ratio was decreased; yields were unchanged, but root biomass was stimulated only at N120”
Claim · model-written summary
Peanut yields were unchanged by N fertilization.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- unchangede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e0“with N fertilization, soil mineral N (N min ) was highly increased and the soil C/N ratio was decreased; yields were unchanged, but root biomass was stimulated only at N120”
Claim · model-written summary
Root biomass of peanut was stimulated only at N120.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N120e0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e0“with N fertilization, soil mineral N (N min ) was highly increased and the soil C/N ratio was decreased; yields were unchanged, but root biomass was stimulated only at N120”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization reduced rhizosphere β-1,4-glucosidase and polyphenol oxidase activities across application rates.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- application ratese1
- Gene
- β-1,4-glucosidase and polyphenol oxidasee1
- Outcome
- activitiese1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e1“The activities of β-1,4-glucosidase and polyphenol oxidase were reduced across application rates, but that of β-1,4-cellobiohydrolase was increased only at N120”
Claim · model-written summary
β-1,4-cellobiohydrolase activity increased only at N120 in peanut rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N120e1
- Gene
- β-1,4-cellobiohydrolasee1
- Outcome
- activitiese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e1“The activities of β-1,4-glucosidase and polyphenol oxidase were reduced across application rates, but that of β-1,4-cellobiohydrolase was increased only at N120”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial alpha diversity in the peanut rhizosphere was unchanged by N fertilization relative to N0.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Bacterial alpha diversitye2
- Direction
- unchangede2
- Comparator
- N0e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e0“with N fertilization, soil mineral N (N min ) was highly increased and the soil C/N ratio was decreased; yields were unchanged, but root biomass was stimulated only at N120”
e2“Bacterial alpha diversity was unchanged, but fungal richness and diversity were increased at N60 and N120”
e3“an N fertilization gradient that included 0 (N0), 60 (N60), 120 (N120) and 180 (N180) kg hm −2”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal richness and diversity increased at N60 and N120 relative to N0.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N60 and N120e2
- Outcome
- fungal richness and diversitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- N0e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e2“Bacterial alpha diversity was unchanged, but fungal richness and diversity were increased at N60 and N120”
e3“an N fertilization gradient that included 0 (N0), 60 (N60), 120 (N120) and 180 (N180) kg hm −2”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative abundance of Acidobacteria decreased under N fertilization in peanut rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- the relative abundance of Acidobacteriae4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e0“with N fertilization, soil mineral N (N min ) was highly increased and the soil C/N ratio was decreased; yields were unchanged, but root biomass was stimulated only at N120”
e4“For bacterial groups, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria was reduced, while those of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were increased at N60 and N120”
Claim · model-written summary
Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria increased at N60 and N120 in peanut rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N60 and N120e4
- Outcome
- Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteriae4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e4“For bacterial groups, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria was reduced, while those of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were increased at N60 and N120”
Claim · model-written summary
The pathogenic Sordariomycetes was inhibited under N fertilization in peanut rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N fertilization ratese5
- Interactor
- pathogenic Sordariomycetese5pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenic Sordariomycetese5
- Direction
- inhibitede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e5“For fungal members, the pathogenic Sordariomycetes was inhibited, but the saprotrophic Agaricomycetes was promoted, regardless of N fertilization rates”
Claim · model-written summary
The saprotrophic Agaricomycetes was promoted by N fertilization regardless of rate in peanut rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N fertilization ratese5
- Outcome
- saprotrophic Agaricomycetese5
- Direction
- promotede5
- Qualifier
- regardless of N fertilization ratese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e5“For fungal members, the pathogenic Sordariomycetes was inhibited, but the saprotrophic Agaricomycetes was promoted, regardless of N fertilization rates”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization slightly increased soil respiration at N60.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e6“N fertilization increased R s slightly at N60 and significantly at N120, mainly through the promotion of cellulose-related microbes, and decreased R s slightly at N180, likely due to carbon limitation”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization significantly increased soil respiration at N120.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N120e6
- Outcome
- R se6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e6“N fertilization increased R s slightly at N60 and significantly at N120, mainly through the promotion of cellulose-related microbes, and decreased R s slightly at N180, likely due to carbon limitation”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in soil respiration under N fertilization is attributed to promotion of cellulose-related microbes.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione6
- Outcome
- R se6
- Qualifier
- mainly through the promotion of cellulose-related microbese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e6“N fertilization increased R s slightly at N60 and significantly at N120, mainly through the promotion of cellulose-related microbes, and decreased R s slightly at N180, likely due to carbon limitation”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization slightly decreased soil respiration at N180, likely due to carbon limitation.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N180e6
- Outcome
- R se6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Qualifier
- likely due to carbon limitatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e6“N fertilization increased R s slightly at N60 and significantly at N120, mainly through the promotion of cellulose-related microbes, and decreased R s slightly at N180, likely due to carbon limitation”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization reduced microbial biomass carbon at N60, N120 and N180 in peanut soil.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N60, N120 and N180e7
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbon (MBC)e7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e7“N fertilization reduced microbial biomass carbon (MBC) at N60, N120 and N180, decreased SOC at N120 and N180, and suppressed dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at N180”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization decreased soil organic carbon at N120 and N180 in peanut soil.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N120 and N180e7
- Outcome
- SOCe7
- Direction
- decreasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e7“N fertilization reduced microbial biomass carbon (MBC) at N60, N120 and N180, decreased SOC at N120 and N180, and suppressed dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at N180”
Claim · model-written summary
N180 suppressed dissolved organic carbon in peanut soil.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N180e7
- Outcome
- dissolved organic carbon (DOC)e7
- Direction
- suppressede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e7“N fertilization reduced microbial biomass carbon (MBC) at N60, N120 and N180, decreased SOC at N120 and N180, and suppressed dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at N180”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil respiration was unchanged by N fertilization in peanut soil.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Q 10e7
- Direction
- unchangede7
- Qualifier
- may be a joint result of several mechanisms that counteracted each othere7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“continuous peanut monoculture”
e0“with N fertilization, soil mineral N (N min ) was highly increased and the soil C/N ratio was decreased; yields were unchanged, but root biomass was stimulated only at N120”
e7“the unchanged Q 10 may be a joint result of several mechanisms that counteracted each other”
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