Abstract
Abstract Chromium (Cr) toxicity is becoming one of a major issue for the cultivation of crops. Toxicity of Cr directly affects synthesis of chlorophyll and restricts Fe intake, which decreases crop growth. It is well documented that the reduction of Cr toxicity through the application of biochar. However, current experiment was carried out to investigate any positive effect of, banana peel waste biochar (BC) and foliar application of Fe (FFe) on growth and chlorophyll content of Spinacia oleracea L. under different levels of Cr toxicity. Seeds of Spinacia oleracea L. were grown under three levels of Cr i.e. control (Cr0), Cr35 (35 mg Cr kg −1 soil) and Cr70 (70 mg Cr kg-1 soil). Analyzed data confirmed that Spinacia oleracea L. seeds grown in 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFe, showed significantly better growth, Fe uptake and chlorophyll content as compared to control at Cr35 and Cr70. A significant improvement in shoot length (16.9 and 26.9%), root length (16.3 and 20.9%), plant fresh (15.5 and 28.3%) and dry weight (70.3 and 77.8%) as compared to control under Cr35 and Cr70, respectively, validated the efficacious functioning of 1% BC and FFe to mitigate Cr toxicity in Spinacia oleracea L. It is concluded that both 1% banana peel waste BC and 1000mM FFe have potential but sole application of FFe is more effective to alleviate Cr toxicity in Spinacia oleracea L. Fortification of Fe by foliar application is more effective comparative to banana peel waste biochar for improvement in growth, chlorophyll content and accessory pigments synthesis in spinach under chromium (IV) toxicity.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and foliar iron significantly improved growth, Fe uptake and chlorophyll at both chromium levels.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFee0
- Outcome
- growth, Fe uptake and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- Cr35 and Cr70e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spinacia oleracea L. seeds grown in 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFe, showed significantly better growth, Fe uptake and chlorophyll content as compared to control at Cr35 and Cr70.”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot length improved by 16.9% and 26.9% at Cr35 and Cr70.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFee1
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 16.9 and 26.9%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant improvement in shoot length (16.9 and 26.9%), root length (16.3 and 20.9%), plant fresh (15.5 and 28.3%) and dry weight (70.3 and 77.8%) as compared to control under Cr35 and Cr70, respectively”
t0“spinach”
e1“Spinacia oleracea L. seeds grown in 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFe, showed significantly better growth, Fe uptake and chlorophyll content as compared to control at Cr35 and Cr70.”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length improved by 16.3% and 20.9%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFee1
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 16.3 and 20.9%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant improvement in shoot length (16.9 and 26.9%), root length (16.3 and 20.9%), plant fresh (15.5 and 28.3%) and dry weight (70.3 and 77.8%) as compared to control under Cr35 and Cr70, respectively”
t0“spinach”
e1“Spinacia oleracea L. seeds grown in 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFe, showed significantly better growth, Fe uptake and chlorophyll content as compared to control at Cr35 and Cr70.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant fresh weight improved by 15.5% and 28.3%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFee1
- Outcome
- plant freshe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 15.5 and 28.3%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant improvement in shoot length (16.9 and 26.9%), root length (16.3 and 20.9%), plant fresh (15.5 and 28.3%) and dry weight (70.3 and 77.8%) as compared to control under Cr35 and Cr70, respectively”
t0“spinach”
e1“Spinacia oleracea L. seeds grown in 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFe, showed significantly better growth, Fe uptake and chlorophyll content as compared to control at Cr35 and Cr70.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant dry weight improved by 70.3% and 77.8%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFee1
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 70.3 and 77.8%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant improvement in shoot length (16.9 and 26.9%), root length (16.3 and 20.9%), plant fresh (15.5 and 28.3%) and dry weight (70.3 and 77.8%) as compared to control under Cr35 and Cr70, respectively”
t0“spinach”
e1“Spinacia oleracea L. seeds grown in 1% BC amended soils and 1000mM FFe, showed significantly better growth, Fe uptake and chlorophyll content as compared to control at Cr35 and Cr70.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Fe alone was more effective than biochar for alleviating chromium toxicity and improving growth and pigments.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Fortification of Fe by foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- growth, chlorophyll content and accessory pigments synthesise0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- banana peel waste biochare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fortification of Fe by foliar application is more effective comparative to banana peel waste biochar for improvement in growth, chlorophyll content and accessory pigments synthesis in spinach under chromium (IV) toxicity.”
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