Abstract
Abstract Living mulches can provide many sustainability benefits. However, living mulch–cash crop competition and unreliable weed control are major challenges in living mulch systems. In this study, we evaluated the potential of herbicides used at reduced rates in combination with living mulch to suppress weeds, while simultaneously reducing living mulch vigor. Herbicide treatments were a combination of two POST applications, each consisting of a single, different herbicide. Field trials were conducted in Freeville, NY, USA, using: fresh market field tomato as cash crop; sesbania and sunn hemp as living mulch; and the herbicides fomesafen, halosulfuron, metribuzin, and rimsulfuron. In 2015, when water was not limiting, tomato yield and living mulch biomass were positively correlated. This relationship was negative in 2016, likely because of drought during the growing season. Compared with the untreated living mulch check, using the herbicide treatments in combination with living mulch reduced tomato yield losses by up to 71% in 2015 and 51% in 2016. In these herbicide plus living mulch plots, weed biomass was reduced by up to 97%, compared with the weedy check. Living mulch in herbicide treatments generated up to 2500 kg ha −1 of dry matter during both 2015 and 2016, with an average ground cover of 63% in 2015 and 85% in 2016. A predominantly PRE herbicide with residual soil activity (metribuzin), followed by a herbicide with greater POST activity (halosulfuron/rimsulfuron) was the most effective herbicide application sequence. Results from our study indicate that well-designed herbicide applications may enhance the practicability of living mulch systems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments with living mulch reduced tomato yield losses by up to 71% in 2015
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- herbicide treatments in combination with living mulche1
- Outcome
- tomato yield lossese1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 71%e1
- Qualifier
- in 2015e1
- Comparator
- untreated living mulch checke1
- Setting
- Freeville, NY, USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field trials were conducted in Freeville, NY, USA, using: fresh market field tomato as cash crop”
e1“Compared with the untreated living mulch check, using the herbicide treatments in combination with living mulch reduced tomato yield losses by up to 71% in 2015 and 51% in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments with living mulch reduced tomato yield losses by up to 51% in 2016
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatments in combination with living mulche1
- Outcome
- tomato yield lossese1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 51%e1
- Qualifier
- in 2016e1
- Comparator
- untreated living mulch checke1
- Setting
- Freeville, NY, USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field trials were conducted in Freeville, NY, USA, using: fresh market field tomato as cash crop”
e1“Compared with the untreated living mulch check, using the herbicide treatments in combination with living mulch reduced tomato yield losses by up to 71% in 2015 and 51% in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide plus living mulch reduced weed biomass by up to 97% compared with the weedy check
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- herbicide plus living mulche2
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- weed biomasse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 97%e2
- Comparator
- weedy checke2
- Setting
- Freeville, NY, USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field trials were conducted in Freeville, NY, USA, using: fresh market field tomato as cash crop”
e2“In these herbicide plus living mulch plots, weed biomass was reduced by up to 97%, compared with the weedy check”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch in herbicide treatments generated up to 2500 kg ha −1 of dry matter in 2015 and 2016
- Taxon
- sesbania and sunn hemp
Crotalaria juncea
Sesbaniae4 - Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse3
- Outcome
- dry mattere3
- Value
- 2500 kg ha −1e3
- Qualifier
- during both 2015 and 2016e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Living mulch in herbicide treatments generated up to 2500 kg ha −1 of dry matter during both 2015 and 2016”
e4“sesbania and sunn hemp as living mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch reached an average ground cover of 63% in 2015
- Taxon
- sesbania and sunn hempCrotalaria junceaSesbaniae4
- Outcome
- average ground covere5
- Value
- 63%e5
- Qualifier
- in 2015e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“sesbania and sunn hemp as living mulch”
e5“with an average ground cover of 63% in 2015 and 85% in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch reached an average ground cover of 85% in 2016
- Taxon
- sesbania and sunn hempCrotalaria junceaSesbaniae4
- Outcome
- average ground covere5
- Value
- 85%e5
- Qualifier
- in 2016e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“sesbania and sunn hemp as living mulch”
e5“with an average ground cover of 63% in 2015 and 85% in 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2015 tomato yield and living mulch biomass were positively correlated when water was not limiting
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- living mulch biomasse6
- Outcome
- tomato yield and living mulch biomasse6
- Direction
- positively correlatede6
- Qualifier
- when water was not limitinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field trials were conducted in Freeville, NY, USA, using: fresh market field tomato as cash crop”
e6“In 2015, when water was not limiting, tomato yield and living mulch biomass were positively correlated”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2016 the relation between tomato yield and living mulch biomass was negative, likely because of drought
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- living mulch biomasse6
- Outcome
- tomato yield and living mulch biomasse6
- Direction
- negativee7
- Qualifier
- in 2016, likely because of drought during the growing seasone7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field trials were conducted in Freeville, NY, USA, using: fresh market field tomato as cash crop”
e6“In 2015, when water was not limiting, tomato yield and living mulch biomass were positively correlated”
e7“This relationship was negative in 2016, likely because of drought during the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin PRE followed by halosulfuron/rimsulfuron POST was the most effective herbicide application sequence
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- PRE herbicide with residual soil activity (metribuzin), followed by a herbicide with greater POST activity (halosulfuron/rimsulfuron)e1
- Outcome
- most effective herbicide application sequencee1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field trials were conducted in Freeville, NY, USA, using: fresh market field tomato as cash crop”
e1“A predominantly PRE herbicide with residual soil activity (metribuzin), followed by a herbicide with greater POST activity (halosulfuron/rimsulfuron) was the most effective herbicide application sequence”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-designed herbicide applications may enhance the practicability of living mulch systems
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- practicability of living mulch systemse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field trials were conducted in Freeville, NY, USA, using: fresh market field tomato as cash crop”
e1“Results from our study indicate that well-designed herbicide applications may enhance the practicability of living mulch systems”
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.