Abstract
Abstract: Seed germination and early seedling growth are sensitive to drought stress in wheat. A factorial experiment was arranged based on a completely randomized design with three replicates to study the impacts of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs: 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg.L) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP: 0 and 100 μM), as NO donor, on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress (0, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa). Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds. However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress. Our results showed that application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination can significantly alleviate the adverse effects of PEG-stimulated drought stress on seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
PEG drought decreased germination percentage (GP) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- PEG-stimulated drought stresse0
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG drought decreased germination energy (GE) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PEG-stimulated drought stresse0
- Outcome
- germination energy (GE)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG drought decreased germination rate (GR) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PEG-stimulated drought stresse0
- Outcome
- germination rate (GR)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG drought decreased root length (RL) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PEG-stimulated drought stresse0
- Outcome
- root length (RL)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG drought decreased shoot length (SL) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PEG-stimulated drought stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot length (SL)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG drought decreased root fresh weight (RFW) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PEG-stimulated drought stresse0
- Outcome
- root fresh weight (RFW)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG drought decreased shoot fresh weight (SFW) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PEG-stimulated drought stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weight (SFW)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG drought decreased vigor index (VI) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PEG-stimulated drought stresse0
- Outcome
- vigor index (VI)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG drought increased mean germination time in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PEG-stimulated drought stresse0
- Outcome
- mean germination time (MGT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium nitroprusside enhanced GP under severe drought by up to 23.72%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combinatione0
- Outcome
- GPe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 23.72%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium nitroprusside enhanced GE under severe drought by up to 50%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combinatione0
- Outcome
- GEe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium nitroprusside enhanced GR under severe drought by up to 33.74%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combinatione0
- Outcome
- GRe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 33.74%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium nitroprusside enhanced RL under severe drought by up to 85.38%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combinatione0
- Outcome
- RLe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 85.38%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium nitroprusside enhanced SL under severe drought by up to 93.28%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combinatione0
- Outcome
- SLe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 93.28%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium nitroprusside enhanced RFW under severe drought by up to 73%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combinatione0
- Outcome
- RFWe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 73%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium nitroprusside enhanced SFW under severe drought by up to 91.91%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combinatione0
- Outcome
- SFWe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 91.91%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium nitroprusside enhanced VI under severe drought by up to 91.04%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combinatione0
- Outcome
- VIe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 91.04%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium nitroprusside reduced mean germination time by up to 28.36% under severe drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combinatione0
- Outcome
- MGTe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 28.36%e0
- Qualifier
- under severe drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
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