Abstract
Determining the spatio-temporal distribution and association of pests and natural enemies would be useful for implementing biological control of pests and could also be used in site-specific pest management. In this study, the spatio-temporal distribution and association of aphids, plant bugs, and natural enemies were assessed in alfalfa fields using geo-statistics and spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE). Additionally, the effect of alfalfa hay-harvesting on the spatial and temporal distribution of these insects was investigated for the first time. Geostatistical analysis indicated that the degree of dependence (DD) was ≥75% for 11 out of 39, 9 out of 35, 3 out of 12, 10 out of 29, and 2 out of 20 datasets for pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata, cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora, alfalfa plant bug Adelphocoris lineolatus, and tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis, respectively. The results also indicated that DD was ≥75% in 7 out of 45, 18 out of 45, and 3 out of 20 datasets for Coccinella septempunctata, Hippodamia variegata, and Pterostichus melanarius, respectively. Harvesting decreased the aggregation of the ladybirds, which resulted in a decrease in the index of aggregation. The geo-statistics results were confirmed by SADIE in 75% of datasets. These results can be used in biological control and site-specific management of aphids and plant bugs in alfalfa fields.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pea aphid datasets showed DD at least 75% in 11 of 39 cases.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Interactor
- pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum
-PLoS.jpg?width=60)
Acyrthosiphon pisume0pest - Outcome
- DDe0
- Value
- 11 out of 39e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
-PLoS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Geostatistical analysis indicated that the degree of dependence (DD) was ≥75% for 11 out of 39, 9 out of 35, 3 out of 12, 10 out of 29, and 2 out of 20 datasets for pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata, cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora, alfalfa plant bug Adelphocoris lineolatus, and tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis, respectively.”
t0“Alfalfa Fields?”
Claim · model-written summary
Spotted alfalfa aphid datasets showed DD at least 75% in 9 of 35 cases.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Interactor
- spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata
Therioaphis trifoliie0pest - Outcome
- DDe0
- Value
- 9 out of 35e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Geostatistical analysis indicated that the degree of dependence (DD) was ≥75% for 11 out of 39, 9 out of 35, 3 out of 12, 10 out of 29, and 2 out of 20 datasets for pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata, cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora, alfalfa plant bug Adelphocoris lineolatus, and tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea aphid datasets showed DD at least 75% in 3 of 12 cases.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora
Aphis craccivorae0pest - Outcome
- DDe0
- Value
- 3 out of 12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Geostatistical analysis indicated that the degree of dependence (DD) was ≥75% for 11 out of 39, 9 out of 35, 3 out of 12, 10 out of 29, and 2 out of 20 datasets for pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata, cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora, alfalfa plant bug Adelphocoris lineolatus, and tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis, respectively.”
t0“Alfalfa Fields?”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa plant bug datasets showed DD at least 75% in 10 of 29 cases.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Interactor
- alfalfa plant bug Adelphocoris lineolatus
_Adelphocoris_lineolatus_on_Bryonia_cretica.jpg?width=60)
Adelphocoris lineolatuse0pest - Outcome
- DDe0
- Value
- 10 out of 29e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Adelphocoris_lineolatus_on_Bryonia_cretica.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Geostatistical analysis indicated that the degree of dependence (DD) was ≥75% for 11 out of 39, 9 out of 35, 3 out of 12, 10 out of 29, and 2 out of 20 datasets for pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata, cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora, alfalfa plant bug Adelphocoris lineolatus, and tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tarnished plant bug datasets showed DD at least 75% in 2 of 20 cases.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis
%2C_Doorwerth%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg?width=60)
Lygus rugulipennise0pest - Outcome
- DDe0
- Value
- 2 out of 20e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
%2C_Doorwerth%2C_the_Netherlands.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Geostatistical analysis indicated that the degree of dependence (DD) was ≥75% for 11 out of 39, 9 out of 35, 3 out of 12, 10 out of 29, and 2 out of 20 datasets for pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata, cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora, alfalfa plant bug Adelphocoris lineolatus, and tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis, respectively.”
t0“Alfalfa Fields?”
Claim · model-written summary
Coccinella septempunctata datasets showed DD at least 75% in 7 of 45 cases.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- Coccinella septempunctata
Coccinella septempunctatae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- DDe0
- Value
- 7 out of 45e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DD was ≥75% in 7 out of 45, 18 out of 45, and 3 out of 20 datasets for Coccinella septempunctata, Hippodamia variegata, and Pterostichus melanarius, respectively.”
t0“Alfalfa Fields?”
Claim · model-written summary
Hippodamia variegata datasets showed DD at least 75% in 18 of 45 cases.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- Hippodamia variegata
Hippodamia variegatae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- DDe0
- Value
- 18 out of 45e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DD was ≥75% in 7 out of 45, 18 out of 45, and 3 out of 20 datasets for Coccinella septempunctata, Hippodamia variegata, and Pterostichus melanarius, respectively.”
t0“Alfalfa Fields?”
Claim · model-written summary
Pterostichus melanarius datasets showed DD at least 75% in 3 of 20 cases.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- Pterostichus melanarius
Pterostichus melanariuse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- DDe0
- Value
- 3 out of 20e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DD was ≥75% in 7 out of 45, 18 out of 45, and 3 out of 20 datasets for Coccinella septempunctata, Hippodamia variegata, and Pterostichus melanarius, respectively.”
t0“Alfalfa Fields?”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvesting decreased ladybird aggregation.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Harvestinge0
- Interactor
- ladybirdsCoccinellidaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- aggregation of the ladybirdse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvesting decreased the aggregation of the ladybirds, which resulted in a decrease in the index of aggregation.”
t0“Alfalfa Fields?”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvesting decreased the ladybird aggregation index.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Harvestinge0
- Interactor
- ladybirdsCoccinellidaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- index of aggregatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvesting decreased the aggregation of the ladybirds, which resulted in a decrease in the index of aggregation.”
t0“Alfalfa Fields?”
Claim · model-written summary
SADIE confirmed geostatistical results in 75% of datasets.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- geo-statistics results were confirmed by SADIEe0
- Value
- 75%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The geo-statistics results were confirmed by SADIE in 75% of datasets.”
t0“Alfalfa Fields?”