Abstract
Effects of three phosphorus fertilizers on the shoot biomass and on the accumulation of alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals in the shoots and roots of ryegrass were studied with two contaminated garden soils. Phosphates were added in sustainable quantities in order to reduce the environmental availability of carcinogenic metals (e.g., Cd and Pb) and to enhance the bioavailability of alkali and alkaline earth metals as well as micronutrients needed by plants. Addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 was the most convenient way to (i) limit the concentration of Cd and Pb, (ii) keep constant the transfer of macro- and micronutrient from the soil to the ryegrass shoots, (iii) decrease the availability of metals, and (iv) increase the ratio values between potential Lewis acids and Cd or Pb in order to produce biosourced catalysis. For instance, the real phytoavailability was reduced by 27%–57% and 64.2%–94.8% for Cd and Pb, respectively. Interestingly, the real phytoavailability of Zn was the highest in the least contaminated soils. Even if soils were highly contaminated, no visual toxicity symptoms were recorded in the growing ryegrasses. This indicates that ryegrass is suitable for the revegetation of contaminated gardens. To promote the sustainable ryegrass production on contaminated soils for production of new organic fragrance and drugs in green processes according to REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals) regulation, two processes should be recommended: assisted phytostabilization of the elements, and then assisted phytoextraction by using chelators.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Ca(H2PO4)2 limited Cd and Pb concentration.
LoliumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 was the most convenient way to (i) limit the concentration of Cd and Pb”
t0“Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca(H2PO4)2 kept macro- and micronutrient transfer to ryegrass shoots constant.
- Treatment
- Ca(H2PO4)2e1
- Outcome
- transfer of macro- and micronutrient from the soil to the ryegrass shootse0
- Direction
- keep constante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“keep constant the transfer of macro- and micronutrient from the soil to the ryegrass shoots”
t0“Effects of Fertilizers”
e1“Addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 was the most convenient way to (i) limit the concentration of Cd and Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca(H2PO4)2 decreased metal availability.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decrease the availability of metals”
t0“Benefits of Ryegrass on Multicontaminated Soils Part 1: Effects of Fertilizers on Bioavailability and Accumulation of Metals”
e1“Addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 was the most convenient way to (i) limit the concentration of Cd and Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca(H2PO4)2 increased ratios between potential Lewis acids and Cd or Pb.
- Treatment
- Fertilizerst0
- Outcome
- ratio values between potential Lewis acids and Cd or Pbe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase the ratio values between potential Lewis acids and Cd or Pb”
t0“Benefits of Ryegrass on Multicontaminated Soils Part 1: Effects of Fertilizers on Bioavailability and Accumulation of Metals”
Claim · model-written summary
Real Cd phytoavailability was reduced by 27%–57%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the real phytoavailability was reduced by 27%–57% and 64.2%–94.8% for Cd and Pb, respectively”
t0“Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Real Pb phytoavailability was reduced by 64.2%–94.8%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the real phytoavailability was reduced by 27%–57% and 64.2%–94.8% for Cd and Pb, respectively”
t0“Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn phytoavailability was highest in the least contaminated soils.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the real phytoavailability of Zn was the highest in the least contaminated soils”
t0“Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Growing ryegrass showed no visual toxicity symptoms even in highly contaminated soils.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Even if soils were highly contaminated, no visual toxicity symptoms were recorded in the growing ryegrasses”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered ryegrass suitable for revegetating contaminated gardens.
- Outcome
- revegetation of contaminated gardense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ryegrass is suitable for the revegetation of contaminated gardens”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended assisted phytostabilization followed by assisted phytoextraction with chelators.
- Outcome
- assisted phytostabilization of the elements, and then assisted phytoextraction by using chelatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“assisted phytostabilization of the elements, and then assisted phytoextraction by using chelators”
t0“Ryegrass”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · molecular: metabolites · LoliumPositive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.