Abstract
Potassium bicarbonate (PB), calcium chelate (CCh), and sodium silicate (SSi) have been extensively used as antifungal generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compounds against plant pathogenic fungi. In this research, in in vitro tests, the radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea was completely inhibited at 0.3% of PB, SSi, and CCh. In in vivo tests, application of PB, SSi, and CCh completely inhibited the occurrence of gray mold incidence of inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries at concentrations of 1.0, 0.8, and 0.8%, respectively. In order to investigate the detailed mechanisms by which salts exhibited antifungal activity, we analyzed their influence on morphological changes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and also on reactive species of oxygen (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Defects such as malformation and excessive septation were detected on salt-treated hyphae morphology observed by SEM. The internal structure of conidia treated or not with salt solutions was examined by TEM. In treated conidia, most of the conidia were affected and cellular vacuolization and cytoplasmic disorganization was observed. For ROS accumulation, a higher increase was observed in fluorescent conidia in presence of PB, SSi, and CCh by 75, 68, and 70% as compared to control, respectively. MMP was significantly decreased after salt application indicating a loss of mitochondria function. Also, luminescence showed that B. cinerea-conidia treated with salts contained less ATP than the untreated conidia. The results obtained herein are a step towards a comprehensive understanding of the mode of action by which salts act as antifungal agents against B. cinerea.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
PB at 0.3% completely inhibited Botrytis radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation in vitro.
- Taxon
- grapee2
- Treatment
- 0.3% of PBe0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation of Botrytis cinereae0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea was completely inhibited at 0.3% of PB, SSi, and CCh”
e1“in in vitro tests”
e2“inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
SSi at 0.3% completely inhibited Botrytis radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation in vitro.
- Taxon
- grapee2
- Treatment
- SSie0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation of Botrytis cinereae0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
- Value
- 0.3%e0
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea was completely inhibited at 0.3% of PB, SSi, and CCh”
e1“in in vitro tests”
e2“inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
CCh at 0.3% completely inhibited Botrytis radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation in vitro.
- Taxon
- grapee2
- Treatment
- CChe0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation of Botrytis cinereae0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
- Value
- 0.3%e0
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea was completely inhibited at 0.3% of PB, SSi, and CCh”
e1“in in vitro tests”
e2“inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
PB at 1.0% completely inhibited gray mold incidence in inoculated Italia grape berries.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Material
- ‘Italia’e0
- Treatment
- PBe0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- gray mold incidencee0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
- Value
- 1.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of PB, SSi, and CCh completely inhibited the occurrence of gray mold incidence of inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries at concentrations of 1.0, 0.8, and 0.8%, respectively”
e1“Botrytis cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
SSi at 0.8% completely inhibited gray mold incidence in inoculated Italia grape berries.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Material
- ‘Italia’e0
- Treatment
- SSie0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- gray mold incidencee0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
- Value
- 0.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of PB, SSi, and CCh completely inhibited the occurrence of gray mold incidence of inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries at concentrations of 1.0, 0.8, and 0.8%, respectively”
e1“Botrytis cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
CCh at 0.8% completely inhibited gray mold incidence in inoculated Italia grape berries.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Material
- ‘Italia’e0
- Treatment
- CChe0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- gray mold incidencee0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
- Value
- 0.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of PB, SSi, and CCh completely inhibited the occurrence of gray mold incidence of inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries at concentrations of 1.0, 0.8, and 0.8%, respectively”
e1“Botrytis cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-treated Botrytis hyphae showed malformation and excessive septation.
- Taxon
- grapee2
- Treatment
- salt-treatede0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- malformation and excessive septatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Defects such as malformation and excessive septation were detected on salt-treated hyphae morphology observed by SEM.”
e1“Botrytis cinerea”
e2“inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-treated Botrytis conidia showed vacuolization and cytoplasmic disorganization.
- Taxon
- grapee2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- cellular vacuolization and cytoplasmic disorganizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In treated conidia, most of the conidia were affected and cellular vacuolization and cytoplasmic disorganization was observed.”
e1“Botrytis cinerea”
e2“inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
PB increased ROS accumulation in Botrytis conidia by 75% versus control.
- Taxon
- grapee3
- Treatment
- PBe0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae2pathogen
- Outcome
- ROS accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 75e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a higher increase was observed in fluorescent conidia in presence of PB, SSi, and CCh by 75, 68, and 70% as compared to control, respectively”
e1“For ROS accumulation”
e2“Botrytis cinerea”
e3“inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
SSi increased ROS accumulation in Botrytis conidia by 68% versus control.
- Taxon
- grapee3
- Treatment
- SSie0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae2pathogen
- Outcome
- ROS accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 68e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a higher increase was observed in fluorescent conidia in presence of PB, SSi, and CCh by 75, 68, and 70% as compared to control, respectively”
e1“For ROS accumulation”
e2“Botrytis cinerea”
e3“inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
CCh increased ROS accumulation in Botrytis conidia by 70% versus control.
- Taxon
- grapee3
- Treatment
- CChe0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae2pathogen
- Outcome
- ROS accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a higher increase was observed in fluorescent conidia in presence of PB, SSi, and CCh by 75, 68, and 70% as compared to control, respectively”
e1“For ROS accumulation”
e2“Botrytis cinerea”
e3“inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt application significantly decreased Botrytis conidial mitochondrial membrane potential.
- Taxon
- grapee3
- Treatment
- salt applicatione0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae2pathogen
- Outcome
- mitochondrial membrane potentiale1
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MMP was significantly decreased after salt application indicating a loss of mitochondria function.”
e1“mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)”
e2“Botrytis cinerea”
e3“inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-treated Botrytis conidia had less ATP than untreated conidia.
- Taxon
- grapee2
- Treatment
- saltse0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- B. cinerea-conidia treated with salts contained less ATPe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- untreated conidiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. cinerea-conidia treated with salts contained less ATP than the untreated conidia”
e1“Botrytis cinerea”
e2“inoculated ‘Italia’ grape berries”
The same questions in other papers
potassium hydrogencarbonate · Botrytis cinerea · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.