Abstract
Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus‐resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2 (GLRaV‐2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV‐2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro ‐grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting‐associated virus (GRSPaV) in field‐grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐3, GLRaV‐2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot‐grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis‐related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
GLRaV-2 replication was obviously inhibited in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine calli treated with 1:100 diluted garlic extract.
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone0
- Organ / stage
- callie0
- Treatment
- diluted (1:100) garlic extracte0
- Interactor
- grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2e0pathogen
- Outcome
- Replication of grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2 (GLRaV‐2)e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Replication of grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2 (GLRaV‐2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract”
Claim · model-written summary
In in vitro Summer Black plantlets 10 days after treatment with 1:100 garlic extract, relative GLRaV-2 RNA level was about 22% of that in controls.
- Material
- Summer Blacke0
- Treatment
- diluted (1:100) garlic extracte0
- Interactor
- GLRaV‐2e0pathogen
- Outcome
- relative RNA levelse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative RNA levels of GLRaV‐2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro ‐grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls”
Claim · model-written summary
In in vitro Summer Black plantlets 10 days after treatment with 1:100 garlic extract, relative GFkV RNA level was about 20% of that in controls.
- Material
- Summer Blacke0
- Treatment
- diluted (1:100) garlic extracte0
- Interactor
- grapevine fleck virusGrapevine fleck viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- relative RNA levelse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative RNA levels of GLRaV‐2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro ‐grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls”
Claim · model-written summary
In field-grown Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with 1:100 garlic extract, GLRaV-2 RNA accumulation was about 31-40% of that in controls.
- Material
- Centennial Seedlesse0
- Treatment
- diluted (1:100) garlic extracte0
- Interactor
- GLRaV‐2e0pathogen
- Outcome
- viral RNA accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 31–40%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- field‐growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting‐associated virus (GRSPaV) in field‐grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls”
Claim · model-written summary
In field-grown Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with 1:100 garlic extract, GFkV RNA accumulation was about 26-38% of that in controls.
- Material
- Centennial Seedlesse0
- Treatment
- diluted (1:100) garlic extracte0
- Interactor
- GFkVGrapevine fleck viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- viral RNA accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 26–38%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- field‐growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting‐associated virus (GRSPaV) in field‐grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls”
Claim · model-written summary
In field-grown Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with 1:100 garlic extract, GVA RNA accumulation was about 18-31% of that in controls.
- Material
- Centennial Seedlesse0
- Treatment
- diluted (1:100) garlic extracte0
- Interactor
- grapevine virus AGrapevine virus Ae0pathogen
- Outcome
- viral RNA accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 18–31%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- field‐growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting‐associated virus (GRSPaV) in field‐grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls”
Claim · model-written summary
In field-grown Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with 1:100 garlic extract, GFLV RNA accumulation was about 17-42% of that in controls.
- Material
- Centennial Seedlesse0
- Treatment
- diluted (1:100) garlic extracte0
- Interactor
- grapevine fanleaf virusGrapevine fanleaf viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- viral RNA accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 17–42%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- field‐growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting‐associated virus (GRSPaV) in field‐grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls”
Claim · model-written summary
In field-grown Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with 1:100 garlic extract, GRSPaV RNA accumulation was about 15-18% of that in controls.
- Material
- Centennial Seedlesse0
- Treatment
- diluted (1:100) garlic extracte0
- Interactor
- grapevine rupestris stem pitting‐associated virusGrapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- viral RNA accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 15–18%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- field‐growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting‐associated virus (GRSPaV) in field‐grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract significantly decreased RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2 and GVA in pot-grown Shine Muscat grapevines.
- Material
- Shine Muscate0
- Treatment
- garlic extract treatmente0
- Interactor
- GLRaV‐3e0pathogen
- Second interactor
- GLRaV‐2e0pathogen
- Outcome
- viral RNA accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- GVAe0
- Setting
- pot‐growne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐3, GLRaV‐2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot‐grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract significantly decreased RNA accumulation of GFkV, GFLV and GRSPaV in pot-grown Shine Muscat grapevines.
- Material
- Shine Muscate0
- Treatment
- garlic extract treatmente0
- Interactor
- GFkVGrapevine fleck viruse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- GFLVGrapevine fanleaf viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- viral RNA accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- GRSPaVe0
- Setting
- pot‐growne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐3, GLRaV‐2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot‐grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract significantly decreased RNA accumulation of grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown Shine Muscat grapevines.
- Material
- Shine Muscate0
- Treatment
- garlic extract treatmente0
- Interactor
- grapevine Pinot Gris virusGrapevine Pinot gris viruse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- GVAe0pathogen
- Outcome
- viral RNA accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- GVAe0
- Setting
- pot‐growne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐3, GLRaV‐2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot‐grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated”
Claim · model-written summary
Viral disease symptoms in pot-grown Shine Muscat grapevines were obviously attenuated after garlic extract treatment.
- Material
- Shine Muscate0
- Treatment
- garlic extract treatmente0
- Outcome
- viral disease symptomse0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
- Setting
- pot‐growne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV‐3, GLRaV‐2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot‐grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated”
Claim · model-written summary
The garlic extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes in grapevines.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis‐related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines”
Claim · model-written summary
The garlic extract stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis‐related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines”
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