Abstract
Antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity of 25 acetone leaf extracts of South African medicinal plants with potent antioxidant activity were investigated against three phytopathogenic fungal strains. The extracts exhibited varying degrees of in vitro anti-mycotoxigenic effect against Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous. Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 0.08 mg/ml against Aspergillus flavus and Furasium verticilloides at both 24 and 48 hr incubation period, while Curtisia dentata exhibited similar MIC value against Aspergillus ochraceous. Curtisia dentata further yielded the highest total activity of 1583 ml/g against Aspergillus ochraceous at 24 and 48 hr incubation period. In the mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) evaluation, Fusarium verticilloides was more sensitive to plants extracts, while Kirkia wilmsii exhibited highest MGI of 50.08% against Fusarium verticilloides on the 6th day of incubation. Five acetone extracts from Acokanthora oppositifolia, Bauhinia galpinii, Combretum caffrum, Ricinus communis and Solanum aculeastrum exhibited lowest IC50 value of 0.01 mg/ml against (2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-suphonic acid (ABTS). Curtisia dentata and Markhamia obtusifolia extracts were further subjected to gas chromatography mass-spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis. Curtisia dentata revealed the presence of triterpenoid compounds, β-amyrin (53.30%) and α-amyrin (6.42%), while Markhamia obtusifolia yielded the presence of neophytadiene (4.38%) and palmitic acid (3.61%) The results suggest that natural products from plants may well be used as possible substitutes for synthetic fungicides. Given the antifungal and antioxidant potential of the selected plants, they may have potential as possible leads for the development of biofungicides that may well prevent oxidation related food spoilage.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Plant extracts varied in antimycotoxigenic action against three fungi.
- Interactor
- Fusarium verticillioides
Fusarium verticillioidese0pathogen - Outcome
- anti-mycotoxigenic effecte0
- Direction
- varying degreese0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The extracts exhibited varying degrees of in vitro anti-mycotoxigenic effect against Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous.”
t0“South African medicinal plants species”
Claim · model-written summary
Markhamia obtusifolia extract had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.08 mg/ml against Aspergillus flavus and Furasium verticilloides.
- Taxon
- Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague
Markhamia obtusifoliae0 - Interactor
- Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen - Outcome
- minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)e0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.08 mg/mle0
- Qualifier
- 24 and 48 hr incubation periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 0.08 mg/ml against Aspergillus flavus and Furasium verticilloides at both 24 and 48 hr incubation period”
Claim · model-written summary
Curtisia dentata extract had a similar minimum inhibitory concentration against Aspergillus ochraceous.
- Taxon
- Curtisia dentata
Curtisia dentatae0 - Interactor
- Aspergillus ochraceouse0pathogen
- Outcome
- MIC valuee0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Curtisia dentata exhibited similar MIC value against Aspergillus ochraceous.”
Claim · model-written summary
Curtisia dentata extract had the highest total activity against Aspergillus ochraceous.
- Taxon
- Curtisia dentataCurtisia dentatae0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus ochraceouse0pathogen
- Outcome
- total activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1583 ml/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Curtisia dentata further yielded the highest total activity of 1583 ml/g against Aspergillus ochraceous at 24 and 48 hr incubation period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium verticilloides was more sensitive to plant extracts in mycelial inhibition tests.
- Interactor
- Fusarium verticilloidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- Fusarium verticilloides was more sensitivee0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium verticilloides was more sensitive to plants extracts”
t0“South African medicinal plants species”
Claim · model-written summary
Kirkia wilmsii extract had the highest mycelial inhibition against Fusarium verticilloides.
- Taxon
- Kirkia wilmsii
Kirkia wilmsiie0 - Interactor
- Fusarium verticilloidese0pathogen
- Outcome
- MGIe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 50.08%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kirkia wilmsii exhibited highest MGI of 50.08% against Fusarium verticilloides on the 6th day of incubation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Five named plant extracts showed an IC50 of 0.01 mg/ml in the ABTS assay.
Verbatim
e0“Five acetone extracts from Acokanthora oppositifolia, Bauhinia galpinii, Combretum caffrum, Ricinus communis and Solanum aculeastrum exhibited lowest IC50 value of 0.01 mg/ml against (2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-suphonic acid (ABTS).”
Claim · model-written summary
Curtisia dentata extract contained β-amyrin at 53.30%.
- Taxon
- Curtisia dentataCurtisia dentatae0
- Outcome
- β-amyrine0
- Value
- 53.30%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Curtisia dentata revealed the presence of triterpenoid compounds, β-amyrin (53.30%) and α-amyrin (6.42%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Curtisia dentata extract contained α-amyrin at 6.42%.
- Taxon
- Curtisia dentataCurtisia dentatae0
- Outcome
- α-amyrine0
- Value
- 6.42%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Curtisia dentata revealed the presence of triterpenoid compounds, β-amyrin (53.30%) and α-amyrin (6.42%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Markhamia obtusifolia extract contained neophytadiene at 4.38%.
- Taxon
- Markhamia obtusifoliaMarkhamia obtusifoliae0
- Outcome
- neophytadienee0
- Value
- 4.38%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Markhamia obtusifolia yielded the presence of neophytadiene (4.38%) and palmitic acid (3.61%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Markhamia obtusifolia extract contained palmitic acid at 3.61%.
- Taxon
- Markhamia obtusifoliaMarkhamia obtusifoliae0
- Outcome
- palmitic acide0
- Value
- 3.61%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Markhamia obtusifolia yielded the presence of neophytadiene (4.38%) and palmitic acid (3.61%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest plant natural products as possible synthetic fungicide substitutes.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Outcome
- possible substitutes for synthetic fungicidese0
Verbatim
e0“natural products from plants may well be used as possible substitutes for synthetic fungicides.”