Abstract
Chromium (Cr) contamination is especially hazardous to soil biota. Application of manure and biochar has been frequently proposed to remediate Cr-contaminated soil. However, the understanding of mechanisms behind manure and biochar impacts on soil enzyme activities requires advanced visualization technologies. For the first time, we compared manure and its biochar influence on the spatial distribution of β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and phosphomonoesterase activities in Cr-contaminated soil using direct zymography. Maize was planted for 45 days in (a) soil mixed with manure, (b) soil mixed with manure-derived biochar and (c) soil without any addition. Soil pH decreased over 45 days, inducing an increase in acid soluble Cr. The concomitant decrease in β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities explained the narrowing rhizosphere extent of enzyme activities by 13-44%, indicating that increased Cr bioavailability decreases microbial activities. A larger maize performance index and the greatest plant shoot/root ratio after biochar application suggested enhanced maize growth (p < 0.05). In contrast, manure induced the narrowest extent of β-glucosidase and phosphomonoesterase activities due to the addition of labile organic compounds and nutrients following its application. Our study emphasizes the importance of pH on Cr bioavailability and enzyme activities and demonstrates that biochar application is more ideally suited for remediating Cr-contaminated soil.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Decrease in β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities explained a narrowing of the rhizosphere extent of enzyme activities by 13-44%.
- Gene
- β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidasee2
- Outcome
- rhizosphere extent of enzyme activitiese2
- Direction
- narrowinge2
- Value
- 13-44%e2
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize was planted for 45 days”
e2“The concomitant decrease in β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities explained the narrowing rhizosphere extent of enzyme activities by 13-44%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application gave a larger maize performance index than the control soil.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize was planted for 45 days”
e4“A larger maize performance index and the greatest plant shoot/root ratio after biochar application suggested enhanced maize growth (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application gave the greatest plant shoot/root ratio in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize was planted for 45 days”
e4“A larger maize performance index and the greatest plant shoot/root ratio after biochar application suggested enhanced maize growth (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure induced the narrowest extent of β-glucosidase and phosphomonoesterase activities in the rhizosphere of maize.
- Treatment
- manuree5
- Gene
- β-glucosidase and phosphomonoesterasee5
- Outcome
- extent of β-glucosidase and phosphomonoesterase activitiese5
- Direction
- narroweste5
- Qualifier
- due to the addition of labile organic compounds and nutrientse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize was planted for 45 days”
e5“In contrast, manure induced the narrowest extent of β-glucosidase and phosphomonoesterase activities due to the addition of labile organic compounds and nutrients following its application”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH decrease over 45 days was accompanied by an increase in acid soluble Cr.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize was planted for 45 days”
e3“Soil pH decreased over 45 days, inducing an increase in acid soluble Cr”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased Cr bioavailability decreases microbial activities in the rhizosphere of maize, according to the authors.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize was planted for 45 days”
e7“indicating that increased Cr bioavailability decreases microbial activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application is more suited for remediating Cr-contaminated soil than manure.
- Outcome
- remediating Cr-contaminated soile6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize was planted for 45 days”
e6“demonstrates that biochar application is more ideally suited for remediating Cr-contaminated soil”
The same questions in other papers
biochar · organism · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.