Abstract
Currently, fertilization with synthetic chelates is the most effective agricultural practice to prevent iron (Fe) deficiencies in crops, especially in calcareous soils. Because these compounds are not biodegradable, they are persistent in the environment and, so, there is the risk of metal leaching from the soils. Thus, new, more environmental-friendly efficient solutions are needed to solve iron deficiency-induced chlorosis (IDIC) in crops grown in calcareous soils. Therefore, the central aim of this work was to prepare new freeze-dried iron products, using a biotechnological-based process, from two siderophores bacterial (Azotobacter vinelandii and Bacillus subtilis) cultures (which previously evidenced high Fe complexation ability at pH 9) and test their ability for amending IDIC of soybean grown in calcareous soils. Results have shown that A. vinelandii iron fertilizer was more stable and interacted less with calcareous soils and its components, than B. subtilis one. This behaviour was noticeable in pot experiments where chlorotic soybean plants were treated with both fertilizer products. Plants treated with A. vinelandii fertilizer responded more significantly and comparable to the positive control, ethylenediaminedi(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (o,o-EDDHA), than those treated with B. subtilis one, when evaluated by their growth (20 % more dry mass than negative control) and chlorophyll development (30 % higher chlorophyll index than negative control). On average, iron content was also greater on A. vinelandii treated plants than on B. subtilis treated ones. Our results suggest that this new siderophore-based formulation product, prepared from A. vinelandii culture, can be regarded as a viable alternative for replacing the current non-green Fe-chelating fertilizers envisaging a sustainable and environmental-friendly mending IDIC of soybean plants grown in calcareous soils.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The A. vinelandii iron fertilizer was more stable than the B. subtilis fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Soybean Plants
Glycine maxt0 - Material
- A. vinelandii iron fertilizere1
- Outcome
- stablee1
- Direction
- more stablee1
- Comparator
- B. subtilis onee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Plants”
e1“Results have shown that A. vinelandii iron fertilizer was more stable and interacted less with calcareous soils and its components, than B. subtilis one”
Claim · model-written summary
The A. vinelandii iron fertilizer interacted less with calcareous soils than the B. subtilis fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Material
- A. vinelandii iron fertilizere1
- Outcome
- interacted less with calcareous soilse1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- B. subtilis onee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Plants”
e1“Results have shown that A. vinelandii iron fertilizer was more stable and interacted less with calcareous soils and its components, than B. subtilis one”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean plants treated with A. vinelandii fertilizer had 20% more dry mass than the negative control.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- A. vinelandii fertilizere2
- Outcome
- dry masse2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 20 %e2
- Comparator
- negative controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Plants”
e2“Plants treated with A. vinelandii fertilizer responded more significantly and comparable to the positive control, ethylenediaminedi(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (o,o-EDDHA), than those treated with B. subtilis one, when evaluated by their growth (20 % more dry mass than negative control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean plants treated with A. vinelandii fertilizer had a 30% higher chlorophyll index than the negative control.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- A. vinelandii fertilizere2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll indexe3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 30 %e3
- Comparator
- negative controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Plants”
e2“Plants treated with A. vinelandii fertilizer responded more significantly and comparable to the positive control, ethylenediaminedi(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (o,o-EDDHA), than those treated with B. subtilis one”
e3“chlorophyll development (30 % higher chlorophyll index than negative control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean plants treated with A. vinelandii had greater iron content than plants treated with B. subtilis.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- A. vinelandiie4
- Outcome
- iron contente4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Comparator
- B. subtilis treated onese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Plants”
e4“On average, iron content was also greater on A. vinelandii treated plants than on B. subtilis treated ones”
Claim · model-written summary
The A. vinelandii fertilizer responded comparably to the positive control o,o-EDDHA in soybean growth.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- A. vinelandii fertilizere2
- Compound
- o,o-EDDHAe2
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- comparablee2
- Comparator
- positive controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Plants”
e2“Plants treated with A. vinelandii fertilizer responded more significantly and comparable to the positive control, ethylenediaminedi(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (o,o-EDDHA), than those treated with B. subtilis one, when evaluated by their growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The A. vinelandii fertilizer responded more significantly than the B. subtilis fertilizer in soybean growth.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- A. vinelandii fertilizere2
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- more significantlye2
- Comparator
- B. subtilis onee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Plants”
e2“Plants treated with A. vinelandii fertilizer responded more significantly and comparable to the positive control, ethylenediaminedi(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (o,o-EDDHA), than those treated with B. subtilis one, when evaluated by their growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The new siderophore-based formulation from A. vinelandii culture can be regarded as a viable alternative to current non-green Fe-chelating fertilizers for soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean PlantsGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- viable alternative for replacing the current non-green Fe-chelating fertilizerse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Plants”
e5“this new siderophore-based formulation product, prepared from A. vinelandii culture, can be regarded as a viable alternative for replacing the current non-green Fe-chelating fertilizers”
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