Abstract
Our objective in this study was to determine to what degree macro and micro nutrients in water extracts, ethanol extracts and whole plant applications of Chinese chive (CC), soybean leaf (SL) and soybean stem (SS) promoted crop growth and if growth promotion was related to physiological elements such as photosynthetic efficiency. The studies we conducted in Suncheon, South Korea in 2017 also sought to confirm crop responses to abiotic and biotic stresses after treatment with CC, SL and SS extracts. We found that most nutrient levels in CC, SL and SS water extracts were higher than in ethanol extracts. Thus, growth promotion effectiveness may be related to plant extraction method, but not to the plants themselves or to physiological elements. Boiled water extracts of SL at 5% suppressed some fungi by 92% (Bortytis cinereal) and 57% (Colletotrichum coccodes), however several others were not effectively suppressed. Compared to the control, rice plant injuries induced by 50 mM NaCl were reduced by 20- 39%, 41-46%, and 40-46% in response to CC, SL and SS extract treatments at 0.5, 1, and 3%, respectively. Shoot fresh weight of rice subjected to 50 mM also increased by 38%, 15-52%, and 40- 59% in response to treatments of CC, SL or SS extracts at 0.5, 1, and 3%, respectively. Rice injuries under drought conditions were reduced 20-26% in response to treatment with CC, SL and SS extracts at 1, 3, and 5% when compared with control plants. Furthermore, the shoot fresh weight of rice under drought conditions was 3.6, 2.0, and 3.2 times greater when treated with CC, SL and SS extracts at 5%, respectively. Thus, the CC, SL and SS extracts used in this study mitigate salt and drought stresses and fungicidal effects, as well as promoting crop growth and could therefore contribute substantially to sustainable crop production.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Water extracts had higher nutrient levels than ethanol extracts for most nutrients.
Verbatim
e0“most nutrient levels in CC, SL and SS water extracts were higher than in ethanol extracts”
t0“crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth promotion may depend on extraction method.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“growth promotion effectiveness may be related to plant extraction method”
t0“crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Boiled soybean leaf extract suppressed Botrytis by 92%.
- Taxon
- cropt0
- Treatment
- Boiled water extracts of SL at 5%e0
- Interactor
- Bortytis cinereale0pathogen
- Outcome
- Bortytis cinereale0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 92%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Boiled water extracts of SL at 5% suppressed some fungi by 92% (Bortytis cinereal)”
t0“crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Boiled soybean leaf extract suppressed Colletotrichum by 57%.
- Taxon
- cropt0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum coccodes
Colletotrichum coccodese0pathogen - Outcome
- Colletotrichum coccodese0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 57%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and 57% (Colletotrichum coccodes)”
t0“crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Chinese chive extract reduced salt-induced rice injuries by 20–39%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- CCe0
- Outcome
- rice plant injuriese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20- 39%e0
- Qualifier
- 50 mM NaCle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice plant injuries induced by 50 mM NaCl were reduced by 20- 39%, 41-46%, and 40-46% in response to CC, SL and SS extract treatments at 0.5, 1, and 3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean leaf extract reduced salt-induced rice injuries by 41–46%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SLe0
- Outcome
- rice plant injuriese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 41-46%e0
- Qualifier
- 50 mM NaCle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice plant injuries induced by 50 mM NaCl were reduced by 20- 39%, 41-46%, and 40-46% in response to CC, SL and SS extract treatments at 0.5, 1, and 3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean stem extract reduced salt-induced rice injuries by 40–46%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SSe0
- Outcome
- rice plant injuriese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 40-46%e0
- Qualifier
- 50 mM NaCle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice plant injuries induced by 50 mM NaCl were reduced by 20- 39%, 41-46%, and 40-46% in response to CC, SL and SS extract treatments at 0.5, 1, and 3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Chinese chive extract increased salt-stressed rice shoot fresh weight by 38%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot fresh weight of rice subjected to 50 mM also increased by 38%, 15-52%, and 40- 59% in response to treatments of CC, SL or SS extracts at 0.5, 1, and 3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean leaf extract increased salt-stressed rice shoot fresh weight by 15–52%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot fresh weight of rice subjected to 50 mM also increased by 38%, 15-52%, and 40- 59% in response to treatments of CC, SL or SS extracts at 0.5, 1, and 3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean stem extract increased salt-stressed rice shoot fresh weight by 40–59%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot fresh weight of rice subjected to 50 mM also increased by 38%, 15-52%, and 40- 59% in response to treatments of CC, SL or SS extracts at 0.5, 1, and 3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The three extracts reduced drought injury in rice by 20–26%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CC, SL and SS extractse0
- Outcome
- Rice injuriese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20-26%e0
- Qualifier
- drought conditionse0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice injuries under drought conditions were reduced 20-26% in response to treatment with CC, SL and SS extracts at 1, 3, and 5% when compared with control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chinese chive extract increased drought-stressed rice shoot fresh weight 3.6-fold.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CCe0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 3.6e0
- Qualifier
- drought conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot fresh weight of rice under drought conditions was 3.6, 2.0, and 3.2 times greater when treated with CC, SL and SS extracts at 5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean leaf extract increased drought-stressed rice shoot fresh weight 2.0-fold.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SLe0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 2.0e0
- Qualifier
- drought conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot fresh weight of rice under drought conditions was 3.6, 2.0, and 3.2 times greater when treated with CC, SL and SS extracts at 5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean stem extract increased drought-stressed rice shoot fresh weight 3.2-fold.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SSe0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 3.2e0
- Qualifier
- drought conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot fresh weight of rice under drought conditions was 3.6, 2.0, and 3.2 times greater when treated with CC, SL and SS extracts at 5%, respectively”
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