Abstract
This study investigated the effects of using fine and coarse volcanic zeolite tuff on the growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees and the silty clay soil in which they were grown. Olive trees were grown in four different soil treatments: silty clay soil (S1, control), silty clay soil covered with coarse volcanic zeolite tuff (S2), silty clay soil mixed with fine volcanic zeolite tuff (S3), and silty clay soil mixed with fine volcanic zeolite tuff covered with coarse volcanic zeolite tuff (S4). The morphological and physiological characteristics of the olive plants were then monitored over a 5-year period from 2012 to 2016, and the leaf and soil chemistry were analyzed at the end of the monitoring period. It was found that the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1). Furthermore, the contents of N and P in the plant leaves, and most of the soil chemical parameters measured significantly increased following the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff. These results highlight the benefits of using volcanic zeolite tuff as a natural, readily available, and low-cost material for soil amendment due to its large effects on plant growth and soil fertility.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S2 increased olive shoot length by 10% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) trees
Olea europaeae1 - Treatment
- S2e0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S3 increased olive shoot length by 21% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S3e0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S4 increased olive shoot length by 29% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S2 increased olive plant height by 0.53% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S2e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 0.53%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S3 increased olive plant height by 1.29% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S3e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 1.29%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S4 increased olive plant height by 3.5% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 3.5%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S2 increased olive plant weight by 13% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S2e0
- Outcome
- plant weighte0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S3 increased olive plant weight by 22% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S3e0
- Outcome
- plant weighte0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S4 increased olive plant weight by 32.26% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- plant weighte0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 32.26%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S2 increased olive number of branches by 14% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S2e0
- Outcome
- number of branchese0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S3 increased olive number of branches by 27% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S3e0
- Outcome
- number of branchese0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S4 increased olive number of branches by 41.5% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- number of branchese0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 41.5%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S2 increased olive number of leaves by 9% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S2e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S3 increased olive number of leaves by 22% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S3e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S4 increased olive number of leaves by 43% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 43%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S2 increased olive trunk diameter by 9% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S2e0
- Outcome
- trunk diametere0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S3 increased olive trunk diameter by 22% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S3e0
- Outcome
- trunk diametere0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S4 increased olive trunk diameter by 29% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S4e0
- Outcome
- trunk diametere0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S2 increased olive shoot diameter by 12% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S2e0
- Outcome
- shoot diametere0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite treatment S3 increased olive shoot diameter by 22% against soil control.
- Taxon
- olive (Olea europaea L.) treesOlea europaeae1
- Treatment
- S3e0
- Outcome
- shoot diametere0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of volcanic zeolite tuff (treatments S2, S3, and S4) had a positive effect on shoot length (relative increases of 10%, 21%, and 29%, respectively), plant height (0.53%, 1.29%, and 3.5%), plant weight (13%, 22%, and 32.26%), number of branches (14%, 27%, and 41.5%), number of leaves (9%, 22%, and 43%), trunk diameter (9%, 22%, and 29%), and shoot diameter (12%, 22%, and 36%), as well as the relative water content (15%, 22%, and 36%) and leaf water potential (16%, 26%, and 32%) compared with the control treatment (S1)”
e1“growth of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees”