Abstract
Preharvest of corn and its contamination with aflatoxin is a serious problem. Some environmental and cultural factors responsible for infection and subsequent aflatoxin production were investigated in this study. Stage of growth and location of kernels on corn ears were found to be one of the important factors in the process of kernel infection with A. flavus & A. parasiticus. The results showed positive correlation between the stage of growth and kernel infection. Treatment of corn with aflatoxin reduced germination, protein and total nitrogen contents. Total and reducing soluble sugar was increase in corn kernels as response to infection. Sucrose and protein content were reduced in case of both pathogens. Shoot system length, seeding fresh weigh and seedling dry weigh was also affected. Both pathogens induced reduction of starch content. Healthy corn seedlings treated with aflatoxin solution were badly affected. Their leaves became yellow then, turned brown with further incubation. Moreover, their total chlorophyll and protein contents showed pronounced decrease. On the other hand, total phenolic compounds were increased. Histopathological studies indicated that A. flavus & A. parasiticus could colonize corn silks and invade developing kernels. Germination of A. flavus spores was occurred and hyphae spread rapidly across the silk, producing extensive growth and lateral branching. Conidiophores and conidia had formed in and on the corn silk. Temperature and relative humidity greatly influenced the growth of A. flavus & A. parasiticus and aflatoxin production.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Positive correlation between stage of growth and kernel infection by A. flavus and A. parasiticus in corn.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse2 - Organ / stage
- stage of growthe1
- Interactor
- A. flavuse2pathogen
- Second interactor
- A. parasiticuse2pathogen
- Outcome
- kernel infectione1
- Direction
- positive correlatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results showed positive correlation between the stage of growth and kernel infection”
e2“Stage of growth and location of kernels on corn ears were found to be one of the important factors in the process of kernel infection with A. flavus & A. parasiticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin treatment of corn reduced germination, protein and total nitrogen contents.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse4
- Treatment
- aflatoxine4
- Outcome
- germination, protein and total nitrogen contentse4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Treatment of corn with aflatoxin reduced germination, protein and total nitrogen contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Total and reducing soluble sugar increased in corn kernels in response to infection.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse5
- Organ / stage
- corn kernelse5
- Treatment
- infectione5
- Outcome
- Total and reducing soluble sugare5
- Direction
- increasee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Total and reducing soluble sugar was increase in corn kernels as response to infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose and protein content were reduced by both pathogens in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Interactor
- A. flavuse2pathogen
- Second interactor
- A. parasiticuse2pathogen
- Outcome
- Sucrose and protein contente6
- Direction
- reducede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Sucrose and protein content were reduced in case of both pathogens”
e2“Stage of growth and location of kernels on corn ears were found to be one of the important factors in the process of kernel infection with A. flavus & A. parasiticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Both pathogens induced a reduction of starch content in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Interactor
- A. flavuse2pathogen
- Second interactor
- A. parasiticuse2pathogen
- Outcome
- starch contente3
- Direction
- reductione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Both pathogens induced reduction of starch content”
e2“Stage of growth and location of kernels on corn ears were found to be one of the important factors in the process of kernel infection with A. flavus & A. parasiticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot system length, seedling fresh weight and seedling dry weight of corn were affected; direction not stated.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- Shoot systeme7
- Outcome
- Shoot system length, seeding fresh weigh and seedling dry weighe7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Shoot system length, seeding fresh weigh and seedling dry weigh was also affected”
e0“Healthy corn seedlings treated with aflatoxin solution were badly affected”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn seedlings treated with aflatoxin solution developed yellow leaves that turned brown with further incubation.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- aflatoxin solutione0
- Outcome
- leaves became yellow then, turned browne1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Healthy corn seedlings treated with aflatoxin solution were badly affected”
e1“Their leaves became yellow then, turned brown with further incubation”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin solution treatment of corn seedlings caused a pronounced decrease in total chlorophyll and protein contents.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- aflatoxin solutione0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll and protein contentse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Healthy corn seedlings treated with aflatoxin solution were badly affected”
e1“Moreover, their total chlorophyll and protein contents showed pronounced decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic compounds increased in aflatoxin-treated corn seedlings.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- aflatoxin solutione0
- Outcome
- total phenolic compoundse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Healthy corn seedlings treated with aflatoxin solution were badly affected”
e1“On the other hand, total phenolic compounds were increased”
Claim · model-written summary
A. flavus and A. parasiticus colonized corn silks and invaded developing kernels.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- corn silkse0
- Interactor
- A. flavuse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A. parasiticuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- colonize corn silks and invade developing kernelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Histopathological studies indicated that A. flavus & A. parasiticus could colonize corn silks and invade developing kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination of A. flavus spores occurred on the corn silk.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Organ / stage
- silke0
- Interactor
- A. flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- Germination of A. flavus sporese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of A. flavus spores was occurred and hyphae spread rapidly across the silk, producing extensive growth and lateral branching”
e1“Histopathological studies indicated that A. flavus & A. parasiticus could colonize corn silks and invade developing kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Hyphae of A. flavus spread rapidly across the corn silk with extensive growth and lateral branching.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Organ / stage
- silke0
- Interactor
- A. flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- hyphae spread rapidly across the silke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of A. flavus spores was occurred and hyphae spread rapidly across the silk, producing extensive growth and lateral branching”
e1“Histopathological studies indicated that A. flavus & A. parasiticus could colonize corn silks and invade developing kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidiophores and conidia formed in and on the corn silk.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- corn silke0
- Outcome
- Conidiophores and conidia had formede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conidiophores and conidia had formed in and on the corn silk”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature and relative humidity greatly influenced the growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus and aflatoxin production in corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Temperature and relative humiditye0
- Interactor
- A. flavuse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A. parasiticuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of A. flavus & A. parasiticus and aflatoxin productione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Temperature and relative humidity greatly influenced the growth of A. flavus & A. parasiticus and aflatoxin production”
e1“Preharvest of corn and its contamination with aflatoxin is a serious problem”
The same questions in other papers
aflatoxin · physiology: pigments · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.