Abstract
Closure of stomata upon pathogenesis is among the earliest plant immune responses. However, our knowledge is very limited about the dependency of plant defence responses to chitosan (CHT) on external factors (e.g., time of the day, presence, or absence of light) in intact plants. CHT induced stomatal closure before dark/light transition in leaves treated at 17:00 hrs and stomata were closed at 09:00 hrs in plants treated at dawn and in the morning. CHT was able to induce generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in guard cells in the first part of the light phase, but significant nitric oxide production was observable only at 15:00 hrs. The actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) decreased upon CHT treatments at 09:00 hrs in guard cells but it declined only at dawn in mesophyll cells after the treatment at 17:00 hrs. Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) and Ethylene Response Factor 1 were already increased at dawn in the CHT-treated leaves but PR1 expression was inhibited in the dark. CHT-induced systemic response was also observed in the distal leaves of CHT-treated ones. Our results suggest a delayed and daytime-dependent defence response of tomato plants after CHT treatment at night and under darkness.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
CHT induced stomatal closure in tomato leaves treated at 17:00 hrs, before the dark/light transition.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- CHTe1
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree1
- Direction
- inducede1
- Qualifier
- before dark/light transitione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants”
e1“CHT induced stomatal closure before dark/light transition in leaves treated at 17:00 hrs”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomata were closed at 09:00 hrs in tomato plants with CHT treatment at dawn and in the morning.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CHTe1
- Outcome
- stomata were closede2
- Qualifier
- at dawn and in the morninge2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants”
e1“CHT induced stomatal closure before dark/light transition in leaves treated at 17:00 hrs”
e2“stomata were closed at 09:00 hrs in plants treated at dawn and in the morning”
Claim · model-written summary
CHT induced reactive oxygen species generation in guard cells in the first part of the light phase.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- guard cellse3
- Treatment
- CHTe3
- Outcome
- generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e3
- Direction
- inducee3
- Qualifier
- first part of the light phasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants”
e3“CHT was able to induce generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in guard cells in the first part of the light phase”
Claim · model-written summary
CHT-induced significant nitric oxide production in tomato was observable only at 15:00 hrs.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CHTe1
- Outcome
- nitric oxide productione4
- Qualifier
- only at 15:00 hrse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants”
e4“significant nitric oxide production was observable only at 15:00 hrs”
e1“CHT induced stomatal closure before dark/light transition in leaves treated at 17:00 hrs”
Claim · model-written summary
CHT treatments decreased the actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport in guard cells at 09:00 hrs.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- guard cellse5
- Treatment
- CHT treatmentse5
- Outcome
- actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII)e5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Qualifier
- at 09:00 hrse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants”
e5“The actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) decreased upon CHT treatments at 09:00 hrs in guard cells but it declined only at dawn in mesophyll cells after the treatment at 17:00 hrs”
Claim · model-written summary
The quantum yield of PSII electron transport declined only at dawn in mesophyll cells after CHT treatment at 17:00 hrs.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- mesophyll cellse5
- Treatment
- treatment at 17:00 hrse5
- Outcome
- actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII)e5
- Direction
- declinede5
- Qualifier
- only at dawne5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants”
e5“The actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) decreased upon CHT treatments at 09:00 hrs in guard cells but it declined only at dawn in mesophyll cells after the treatment at 17:00 hrs”
Claim · model-written summary
CHT-treated tomato leaves showed increased PR1 expression already at dawn.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese6
- Treatment
- CHTe6
- Gene
- PR1e6
- Outcome
- Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- at dawne6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants”
e6“Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) and Ethylene Response Factor 1 were already increased at dawn in the CHT-treated leaves but PR1 expression was inhibited in the dark”
Claim · model-written summary
CHT-treated tomato leaves showed increased Ethylene Response Factor 1 expression already at dawn.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese6
- Treatment
- CHTe6
- Gene
- Ethylene Response Factor 1e6
- Outcome
- Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) and Ethylene Response Factor 1e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- at dawne6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants”
e6“Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) and Ethylene Response Factor 1 were already increased at dawn in the CHT-treated leaves but PR1 expression was inhibited in the dark”
Claim · model-written summary
PR1 expression in tomato was inhibited in the dark.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- in the darke6
- Gene
- PR1e6
- Outcome
- PR1 expressione6
- Direction
- inhibitede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants”
e6“Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) and Ethylene Response Factor 1 were already increased at dawn in the CHT-treated leaves but PR1 expression was inhibited in the dark”
Claim · model-written summary
CHT induced a systemic response in distal leaves of tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- distal leavese7
- Treatment
- CHTe7
- Outcome
- systemic responsee7
- Direction
- inducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants”
e7“CHT-induced systemic response was also observed in the distal leaves of CHT-treated ones”
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