Abstract
Abstract Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a species native to the eastern North America, was introduced to Europe probably in 1601 and currently extends over 2.3 × 10 6 ha. It has become naturalized in all sub-Mediterranean and temperate regions rivaling Populus spp. as the second most planted broadleaved tree species worldwide after Eucalyptus spp. This wide-spreading planting is because black locust is an important multipurpose species, producing wood, fodder, and a source of honey as well as bio-oil and biomass. It is also important for carbon sequestration, soil stabilization and re-vegetation of landfills, mining areas and wastelands, in biotherapy and landscaping. In Europe, black locust is drought tolerant so grows in areas with annual precipitation as low as 500–550 mm. It tolerates dry, nutrient poor soils but grows best on deep, nutrient-rich, well-drained soils. It is a fast-growing tree and the height, diameter and volume growth peak before the age of 20. It mostly regenerates vegetatively by root suckers under a simple coppice system, which is considered the most cost-effective management system. It also regenerates, but less frequently, by stool sprouts. Its early silviculture in production forests includes release cutting to promote root suckers rather than stool shoots, and cleaning-respacing to remove low-quality stems, reduce the number of shoots per stool, and adjust spacing between root suckers. In addition, early, moderate and frequent thinning as well as limited pruning are carried out focusing on crop trees. The species is regarded as invasive in several European countries and its range here is expected to expand under predicted climate changes.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust is the second most planted broadleaved tree species worldwide after Eucalyptus.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia
Robinia pseudoacaciae0 - Outcome
- second most planted broadleaved tree species worldwidee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)”
e1“rivaling Populus spp. as the second most planted broadleaved tree species worldwide after Eucalyptus spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust was introduced to Europe and currently extends over 2.3 × 10^6 ha.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Outcome
- currently extends overe2
- Value
- 2.3 × 10 6 hae2
- Setting
- Europee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)”
e2“was introduced to Europe probably in 1601 and currently extends over 2.3 × 10 6 ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust is drought tolerant and grows in areas with annual precipitation as low as 500–550 mm in Europe.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae3
- Outcome
- drought tolerante3
- Value
- 500–550 mme3
- Setting
- Europee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“In Europe, black locust is drought tolerant so grows in areas with annual precipitation as low as 500–550 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust tolerates dry, nutrient poor soils.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Outcome
- tolerates dry, nutrient poor soilse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)”
e4“It tolerates dry, nutrient poor soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust grows best on deep, nutrient-rich, well-drained soils.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Outcome
- grows beste5
- Qualifier
- deep, nutrient-rich, well-drained soilse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)”
e5“but grows best on deep, nutrient-rich, well-drained soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Height, diameter and volume growth of black locust peak before the age of 20.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Outcome
- height, diameter and volume growth peake6
- Qualifier
- before the age of 20e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)”
e6“It is a fast-growing tree and the height, diameter and volume growth peak before the age of 20”
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust mostly regenerates vegetatively by root suckers under a simple coppice system.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Outcome
- regenerates vegetatively by root suckerse7
- Qualifier
- under a simple coppice systeme7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)”
e7“It mostly regenerates vegetatively by root suckers under a simple coppice system”
Claim · model-written summary
The simple coppice system is considered the most cost-effective management system for black locust.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Outcome
- most cost-effective management systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)”
e1“which is considered the most cost-effective management system”
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust also regenerates, less frequently, by stool sprouts.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Outcome
- regeneratese1
- Qualifier
- less frequently, by stool sproutse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)”
e1“It also regenerates, but less frequently, by stool sprouts”
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust is regarded as invasive in several European countries.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Outcome
- regarded as invasivee1
- Setting
- European countriese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)”
e1“The species is regarded as invasive in several European countries”
Claim · model-written summary
The range of black locust in Europe is expected to expand under predicted climate changes.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Outcome
- rangee1
- Qualifier
- expected to expand under predicted climate changese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)”
e1“its range here is expected to expand under predicted climate changes”