Abstract
Abstract Background To study the impact of climate warming on crops, it is crucial to have a warming equipment suitable for their field environment. A facility is needed that can provide suitable combinations of different temperatures at reasonable cost for large plots. Results Here, an additional field warming facility option named the hot-blast warming facility (HBWF), which comprised heaters, blowers, wind breaks, and a control board was developed. An application case based on HBWF was carried out to assess elevated temperature effects on rice in Central China during 2015 and 2016. We tested four elevated temperature treatments on four rice cultivars under paddy field conditions and measured yield and its components. Heating convection air directly, the facility could increase the temperature of the rice canopy up to 1–2 °C, which could properly simulate global warming. Considering the costs, the HBWF reduced the operating costs because of its relatively lower power consumption (0.164 kW/m 2 ), which was 80% lower than that of Free Air Temperature Increase. Our results demonstrate that the HBWF could build a 25 m 2 homogeneous heating area and had little effect on the relative humidity under a paddy field environment. Warming treatments significantly reduced the grain yield by 4.4–22.7% in 2015, and 30.8–61.9% in 2016, compared to the control. The main contribution to the significant decrease of the grain yields was the decrease in seed setting rate. Moreover, a reduction of 1000-grain weight led to the decline in grain yield. The increasing ranges of the temperature simulated by HBWF were stable in different years, however, whether the elevated treatments demonstrated significant difference on rice growth mainly decided by the basic atmospheric temperature (as the control) during the growth period. Conclusions The new warming facility is suitable for field trials to assess elevated temperature combinations and provides an extra equipment option for use in elevated temperature research in the future.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The facility could increase rice canopy temperature by up to 1–2 °C.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Outcome
- temperature of the rice canopye1
- Value
- up to 1–2 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e1“the facility could increase the temperature of the rice canopy up to 1–2 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
The facility had a power consumption of 0.164 kW/m2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- power consumptione2
- Value
- 0.164 kW/m 2e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e2“relatively lower power consumption (0.164 kW/m 2 ), which was 80% lower than that of Free Air Temperature Increase”
Claim · model-written summary
The facility power consumption was 80% lower than that of Free Air Temperature Increase.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- power consumptione2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Value
- 80%e2
- Comparator
- Free Air Temperature Increasee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e2“relatively lower power consumption (0.164 kW/m 2 ), which was 80% lower than that of Free Air Temperature Increase”
Claim · model-written summary
The facility built a 25 m2 homogeneous heating area.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- homogeneous heating areae4
- Value
- 25 m 2e4
- Setting
- paddy field environmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e4“the HBWF could build a 25 m 2 homogeneous heating area and had little effect on the relative humidity under a paddy field environment”
Claim · model-written summary
The facility had little effect on relative humidity in a paddy field.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HBWFe4
- Outcome
- relative humiditye4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Setting
- paddy field environmente4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e4“the HBWF could build a 25 m 2 homogeneous heating area and had little effect on the relative humidity under a paddy field environment”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatments significantly reduced rice grain yield by 4.4–22.7% in 2015 compared with the control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Warming treatmentse5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 4.4–22.7%e5
- Comparator
- the controle5
- Setting
- 2015e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e5“Warming treatments significantly reduced the grain yield by 4.4–22.7% in 2015, and 30.8–61.9% in 2016, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatments significantly reduced rice grain yield by 30.8–61.9% in 2016 compared with the control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Warming treatmentse5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 30.8–61.9%e5
- Comparator
- the controle5
- Setting
- 2016e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e5“Warming treatments significantly reduced the grain yield by 4.4–22.7% in 2015, and 30.8–61.9% in 2016, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The decrease in seed setting rate was the main contribution to the decrease in grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse7
- Direction
- decreasee7
- Qualifier
- decrease in seed setting ratee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e7“The main contribution to the significant decrease of the grain yields was the decrease in seed setting rate”
Claim · model-written summary
A reduction of 1000-grain weight led to a decline in grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Direction
- declinee6
- Qualifier
- reduction of 1000-grain weighte6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e6“a reduction of 1000-grain weight led to the decline in grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The increasing ranges of the temperature simulated by HBWF were stable across years.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- increasing ranges of the temperature simulated by HBWFe6
- Direction
- stablee6
- Comparator
- different yearse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e6“The increasing ranges of the temperature simulated by HBWF were stable in different years”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences among elevated treatments in rice growth were mainly decided by the basic atmospheric temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- rice growthe3
- Qualifier
- mainly decidede3
- Comparator
- basic atmospheric temperaturee3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e3“whether the elevated treatments demonstrated significant difference on rice growth mainly decided by the basic atmospheric temperature (as the control) during the growth period”
Claim · model-written summary
The new warming facility is suitable for field trials assessing elevated temperature combinations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- suitable for field trials to assess elevated temperature combinationse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“elevated temperature effects on rice”
e3“The new warming facility is suitable for field trials to assess elevated temperature combinations”
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