Abstract
Waterlogging is one of the major abiotic stresses in agricultural crop production. However, the application of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine (nitrapyrin) can effectually mitigate the losses of nitrogen efficiency and grain yield of summer maize induced by waterlogging. In order to explore its role to alleviate waterlogging stress on leaf antioxidative system and photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize, a field experiment was executed to research effects of nitrapyrin application on leaf photosynthetic and senescent characteristics of waterlogged summer maize Denghai 605 (DH605) and Zhengdan 958 (ZD958). Experimental treatments consisted of waterlogging treatment that was applying only urea (WL), waterlogging treatment that was applying urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N), and no waterlogging treatment that was only applying urea (NWL). Results showed that WL significantly decreased leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate (Pn), and protective enzyme activities, accelerated leaf aging, eventually led to a remarkable yield reduction by 38 and 42% for DH605 and ZD958, respectively, compared to NWL. However, the application of nitrapyrin was useful for relieving waterlogging damages on leaf photosynthetic ability. LAI, SPAD and Pn of WL-N for DH605 were 10, 19 and 12–24% higher, and for ZD958 were 12, 23 and 7–25% higher, compared to those of WL, respectively. Moreover, application of nitrapyrin effectually relieved waterlogging losses on antioxidative enzyme activities. Leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities of WL-N were averagely increased by 24, 15 and 30%, respectively, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was averagely decreased by 13%, compared to those of WL. Visibly, nitrapyrin application could improve leaf photosynthetic characteristics and retard leaf aging induced by waterlogging, thereby leading to a yield increase of waterlogged maize.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced DH605 yield by 38%.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield reduction by 38 and 42% for DH605 and ZD958, respectively, compared to NWL”
e1“WL significantly decreased leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate (Pn), and protective enzyme activities”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced ZD958 yield by 42%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield reduction by 38 and 42% for DH605 and ZD958, respectively, compared to NWL”
e1“WL significantly decreased leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate (Pn), and protective enzyme activities”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging significantly decreased LAI, SPAD, photosynthetic rate, and protective enzyme activities.
- Treatment
- WLe0
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate (Pn), and protective enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- NWLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WL significantly decreased leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate (Pn), and protective enzyme activities”
e1“compared to NWL”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging accelerated leaf aging.
- Treatment
- waterlogging treatmente1
- Outcome
- leaf aginge0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Comparator
- no waterlogging treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accelerated leaf aging”
e1“waterlogging treatment that was applying only urea (WL)”
e2“no waterlogging treatment that was only applying urea (NWL)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin increased DH605 LAI by 10% compared with WL.
- Material
- DH605e0
- Treatment
- urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)e1
- Outcome
- LAIe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10e0
- Comparator
- WLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LAI, SPAD and Pn of WL-N for DH605 were 10, 19 and 12–24% higher, and for ZD958 were 12, 23 and 7–25% higher, compared to those of WL, respectively”
e1“urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin increased DH605 SPAD by 19% compared with WL.
- Material
- DH605e0
- Treatment
- urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)e1
- Outcome
- SPADe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 19e0
- Comparator
- WLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LAI, SPAD and Pn of WL-N for DH605 were 10, 19 and 12–24% higher, and for ZD958 were 12, 23 and 7–25% higher, compared to those of WL, respectively”
e1“urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin increased DH605 Pn by 12–24% compared with WL.
- Material
- DH605e0
- Treatment
- urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)e1
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12–24%e0
- Comparator
- WLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LAI, SPAD and Pn of WL-N for DH605 were 10, 19 and 12–24% higher, and for ZD958 were 12, 23 and 7–25% higher, compared to those of WL, respectively”
e1“urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin increased ZD958 LAI by 12% compared with WL.
- Material
- ZD958e0
- Treatment
- urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)e1
- Outcome
- LAIe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12e0
- Comparator
- WLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LAI, SPAD and Pn of WL-N for DH605 were 10, 19 and 12–24% higher, and for ZD958 were 12, 23 and 7–25% higher, compared to those of WL, respectively”
e1“urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin increased ZD958 SPAD by 23% compared with WL.
- Material
- ZD958e0
- Treatment
- urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)e1
- Outcome
- SPADe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 23e0
- Comparator
- WLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LAI, SPAD and Pn of WL-N for DH605 were 10, 19 and 12–24% higher, and for ZD958 were 12, 23 and 7–25% higher, compared to those of WL, respectively”
e1“urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin increased ZD958 Pn by 7–25% compared with WL.
- Material
- ZD958e0
- Treatment
- urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)e1
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 7–25%e0
- Comparator
- WLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LAI, SPAD and Pn of WL-N for DH605 were 10, 19 and 12–24% higher, and for ZD958 were 12, 23 and 7–25% higher, compared to those of WL, respectively”
e1“urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin increased leaf SOD activity by 24% on average.
- Treatment
- urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)e1
- Outcome
- Leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24e0
- Comparator
- WLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities of WL-N were averagely increased by 24, 15 and 30%, respectively, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was averagely decreased by 13%, compared to those of WL”
e1“urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin increased leaf POD activity by 15% on average.
- Treatment
- urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)e1
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15e0
- Comparator
- WLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities of WL-N were averagely increased by 24, 15 and 30%, respectively, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was averagely decreased by 13%, compared to those of WL”
e1“urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin increased leaf CAT activity by 30% on average.
- Treatment
- urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)e1
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Comparator
- WLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities of WL-N were averagely increased by 24, 15 and 30%, respectively, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was averagely decreased by 13%, compared to those of WL”
e1“urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrapyrin decreased leaf MDA content by 13% on average.
- Treatment
- urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)e1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- WLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities of WL-N were averagely increased by 24, 15 and 30%, respectively, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was averagely decreased by 13%, compared to those of WL”
e1“urea mixing with nitrapyrin (WL-N)”
t0“summer maize (Zea mays L.)”
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See all 126 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.