Abstract
Susceptibility of plants to abiotic stresses, including extreme temperatures, salinity and drought, poses an increasing threat to crop productivity worldwide. Here the drought-induced response of maize was modulated by applications of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) to seeds prior to sowing and to leaves prior to stress treatment. Pot experiments were conducted to ascertain the effects of exogenous applications of these hormones on maize growth, physiology and biochemistry under drought stress and well-watered (control) conditions. Maize plants were subjected to single as well as combined pre-treatments of MeJA and SA. Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content. The prolonged water deficit also led to increased relative membrane permeability and oxidative stress induced by the production of malondialdehyde (from lipid peroxidation), lipoxygenase activity (LOX) and the production of H2O2. The single applications of MeJA and SA were not found to be effective in maize for drought tolerance while the combined pre-treatments with exogenous MeJA+SA mitigated the adverse effects of drought-induced oxidative stress, as reflected in lower levels of lipid peroxidation, LOX activity and H2O2. The same pre-treatment also maintained adequate water status of the plants under drought stress by increasing osmolytes including proline, total carbohydrate content and total soluble sugars. Furthermore, exogenous applications of MeJA+SA approximately doubled the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Pre-treatment with MeJA alone gave the highest increase in drought-induced production of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Pre-treatment with MeJA+SA partially prevented drought-induced oxidative stress by modulating levels of osmolytes and endogenous ABA, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Taken together, the results show that seed and foliar pre-treatments with exogenous MeJA and/or SA can have positive effects on the responses of maize seedlings to drought.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced relative water content and above- and below-ground biomass in maize.
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- relative water content, above and below-ground biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- well-watered (control) conditionse1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e1“under drought stress and well-watered (control) conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced rates of photosynthesis and protein content in maize.
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- rates of photosynthesis, and protein contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- well-watered (control) conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e1“under drought stress and well-watered (control) conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress severely affected maize morphology.
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- morphologye0
- Direction
- severely affectede0
- Comparator
- well-watered (control) conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e1“under drought stress and well-watered (control) conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The prolonged water deficit increased relative membrane permeability and oxidative stress in maize.
- Treatment
- prolonged water deficite2
- Outcome
- relative membrane permeability and oxidative stresse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- well-watered (control) conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e1“under drought stress and well-watered (control) conditions”
e2“The prolonged water deficit also led to increased relative membrane permeability and oxidative stress induced by the production of malondialdehyde (from lipid peroxidation), lipoxygenase activity (LOX) and the production of H2O2”
Claim · model-written summary
The prolonged water deficit increased malondialdehyde production, lipoxygenase activity (LOX) and H2O2 production in maize.
- Treatment
- prolonged water deficite2
- Outcome
- the production of malondialdehyde (from lipid peroxidation), lipoxygenase activity (LOX) and the production of H2O2e2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- well-watered (control) conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e1“under drought stress and well-watered (control) conditions”
e2“The prolonged water deficit also led to increased relative membrane permeability and oxidative stress induced by the production of malondialdehyde (from lipid peroxidation), lipoxygenase activity (LOX) and the production of H2O2”
Claim · model-written summary
The single applications of MeJA and SA were not effective for drought tolerance in maize.
- Treatment
- single applications of MeJA and SAe3
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee3
- Direction
- not found to be effectivee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e3“The single applications of MeJA and SA were not found to be effective in maize for drought tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined MeJA+SA pre-treatment mitigated drought-induced oxidative stress in maize.
- Treatment
- combined pre-treatments with exogenous MeJA+SAe4
- Outcome
- drought-induced oxidative stresse4
- Direction
- mitigatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e4“the combined pre-treatments with exogenous MeJA+SA mitigated the adverse effects of drought-induced oxidative stress, as reflected in lower levels of lipid peroxidation, LOX activity and H2O2”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined MeJA+SA pre-treatment lowered levels of lipid peroxidation, LOX activity and H2O2 under drought in maize.
- Treatment
- combined pre-treatments with exogenous MeJA+SAe4
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation, LOX activity and H2O2e4
- Direction
- lowere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e4“the combined pre-treatments with exogenous MeJA+SA mitigated the adverse effects of drought-induced oxidative stress, as reflected in lower levels of lipid peroxidation, LOX activity and H2O2”
Claim · model-written summary
The MeJA+SA pre-treatment increased osmolytes including proline, total carbohydrate content and total soluble sugars under drought in maize.
- Treatment
- same pre-treatmente5
- Outcome
- osmolytes including proline, total carbohydrate content and total soluble sugarse5
- Direction
- increasinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e5“The same pre-treatment also maintained adequate water status of the plants under drought stress by increasing osmolytes including proline, total carbohydrate content and total soluble sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
The MeJA+SA pre-treatment maintained adequate water status of maize plants under drought.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e5“The same pre-treatment also maintained adequate water status of the plants under drought stress by increasing osmolytes including proline, total carbohydrate content and total soluble sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous MeJA+SA approximately doubled the activities of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in maize.
- Treatment
- exogenous applications of MeJA+SAe6
- Outcome
- activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutasee6
- Direction
- approximately doublede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e6“exogenous applications of MeJA+SA approximately doubled the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-treatment with MeJA alone gave the highest increase in drought-induced endogenous abscisic acid production in maize.
- Treatment
- Pre-treatment with MeJA alonee7
- Outcome
- production of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA)e7
- Direction
- highest increasee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e7“Pre-treatment with MeJA alone gave the highest increase in drought-induced production of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA)”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJA+SA pre-treatment partially prevented drought-induced oxidative stress by modulating endogenous ABA in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress severely affected maize morphology and reduced relative water content, above and below-ground biomass, rates of photosynthesis, and protein content”
e2“Pre-treatment with MeJA+SA partially prevented drought-induced oxidative stress by modulating levels of osmolytes and endogenous ABA”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed and foliar pre-treatments with exogenous MeJA and/or SA are concluded to have positive effects on maize seedling responses to drought.
- Treatment
- seed and foliar pre-treatments with exogenous MeJA and/or SAe1
- Outcome
- responses of maize seedlings to droughte1
- Direction
- positive effectse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“seed and foliar pre-treatments with exogenous MeJA and/or SA can have positive effects on the responses of maize seedlings to drought”
The same questions in other papers
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8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.