Abstract
Observations in recent years have shown that climate change can affect plants and herbivorous insects. An increase in temperature can indirectly affect insects by changing quality of host plant tissues or directly affecting their biology. So far, little research has addressed the problem of the interactive impact of abiotic and biotic stress on defence mechanisms, and effectivity of plant defence mechanisms. The work is aimed at explaining how the plant reacts to abiotic stress caused by elevated temperature and additional biotic stress caused by feeding Aphis pomi aphids. Experiments in a climatic chamber at three temperatures: 20, 25 and 28 °C were carried out to detect changes in developmental stages, demographic parameters and insect fecundity. The activity of enzymatic markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), β-glucosidase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD)) in the tissues of the host plant was determined. An increase in temperature to 28 °C had significant negative effects on the biology of A. pomi, with a shortening of the reproduction period, total lifespan, a reduction in population demographic parameters and fecundity, by half. The temperature and foraging of sucking insects, act additively, causing a synergistic defence effect in the plant. The plant defence responses differed significantly depending on the temperature and were highest at 20 °C. Due to the flexible activity of enzymes, which played a role as adaptive mechanisms and ran more effectively at lower temperatures, the Ch. japonica protected itself against ROS excessive induction and the plants were able to respond quickly to the combined effect of both stress factors.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
At 28 °C, A. pomi reproduction period and lifespan shortened.
- Taxon
- Chaenomeles japonica
Chaenomeles japonicat0 - Treatment
- 28 °Ce0
- Interactor
- A. pomi
.jpg?width=60)
Aphis pomie0herbivore - Outcome
- reproduction period, total lifespane0
- Direction
- shorteninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Japanese quince Chaenomeles japonica”
e0“An increase in temperature to 28 °C had significant negative effects on the biology of A. pomi, with a shortening of the reproduction period, total lifespan, a reduction in population demographic parameters and fecundity, by half.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 28 °C, A. pomi demographic parameters and fecundity were reduced by half.
- Taxon
- Chaenomeles japonicaChaenomeles japonicat0
- Treatment
- 28 °Ce0
- Interactor
- A. pomiAphis pomie0herbivore
- Outcome
- population demographic parameters and fecunditye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- halfe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Japanese quince Chaenomeles japonica”
e0“An increase in temperature to 28 °C had significant negative effects on the biology of A. pomi, with a shortening of the reproduction period, total lifespan, a reduction in population demographic parameters and fecundity, by half.”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature and aphid feeding acted together in plant defense.
- Taxon
- Chaenomeles japonicaChaenomeles japonicat0
- Interactor
- Aphis pomiAphis pomie1herbivore
- Outcome
- synergistic defence effecte0
- Qualifier
- temperature and foraging of sucking insectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Japanese quince Chaenomeles japonica”
e0“The temperature and foraging of sucking insects, act additively, causing a synergistic defence effect in the plant.”
e1“feeding Aphis pomi aphids”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant defense responses differed significantly by temperature and were highest at 20 °C.
- Taxon
- Chaenomeles japonicaChaenomeles japonicat0
- Treatment
- 20 °Ce0
- Outcome
- plant defence responsese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Japanese quince Chaenomeles japonica”
e0“The plant defence responses differed significantly depending on the temperature and were highest at 20 °C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flexible enzyme activity protected quince from excess ROS induction and enabled quick response to both stresses at lower temperatures.
Verbatim
t0“Japanese quince Chaenomeles japonica”
e0“Due to the flexible activity of enzymes, which played a role as adaptive mechanisms and ran more effectively at lower temperatures, the Ch. japonica protected itself against ROS excessive induction and the plants were able to respond quickly to the combined effect of both stress factors.”