Abstract
A field experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2016 in the northwestern Loess Plateau, China, to analyze the relationships among flag-leaf photosynthetic characteristics, water-consumption characteristics, and yield components of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum 'Longchun 35'). There were three treatments: whole-field plastic mulching (PMS), sand mulching (SM), and uncovered (CK). The results showed that soil-water storage levels at 0-300 cm of soil profile before wheat filling under PMS and SM treatments were greater than that in CK by 47.8 and 31.6 mm, respectively, while that under PMS was lower than CK by 15.6 mm at the filling stage. Water consumption under PMS and SM increased in the flagging-heading and flowering-filling stages compared with the CK. Leaf area indices under PMS and SM were increased by 59.0%-73.7% and 40.1%-52.7%, respectively, and leaf SPAD values were increased by 3.5%-28.4% and 2.9%-23.9%, respectively, compared with CK. The net photosynthetic rate of PMS was increased by 23.5%, 33.0% and 17.7% at the flagging, heading, and flowering stages. The corresponding stoma-tal conductance rate was increased by 32.6%, 76.4% and 66.9%, respectively. Net photosynthetic and stomatal conductance rates at the filling stage were decreased by 26.2% and 16.4%, respectively. At the heading, flowering, and filling stages, stomatal limitation values in PMS were decreased by 14.6%, 23.9% and 22.3%, respectively, and by 25.7%, 29.8% and 17.4%, respectively in SM. The instantaneous water-use efficiency of spring wheat in PMS was increased by 57.8% at the flagging stage and decreased by 11.2% at the flowering stage. At the heading and flowering stages, the apparent quantum efficiency was increased by 22.6% and 18.7% in PMS, and by 26.8% and 14.3% in SM, respectively. Plant height and yield component indices in PMS and SM were significantly greater than that in CK, with the enhancement being greater than that in dry years. Grain yield was increased by 36.2% and 8.7% and water-use efficiency increased by 9.4% and 3.4% in PMS and SM, respectively. PMS and SM treatments increased soil water storage before the pre-filling stage of wheat, aggravated water consumption during the flagging-shooting and flowering-filling stages, resulting in greater SPAD values and leaf area indices, which promoted the photosynthetic functions of flag leaves, facilitated sink formation and photosynthetic assimilate transportation, resulting in increased grain yields and water use efficiency of spring wheat. The effects of PMS treatment were more remarkable than those of SM in terms of increasing spring wheat's yield potential in wet years and adaptability in dry years.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Before filling, plastic mulch raised soil water storage by 47.8 mm versus uncovered soil.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- PMSe0
- Outcome
- soil-water storage levelse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“soil-water storage levels at 0-300 cm of soil profile before wheat filling under PMS and SM treatments were greater than that in CK by 47.8 and 31.6 mm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Before filling, sand mulch raised soil water storage by 31.6 mm versus uncovered soil.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- soil-water storage levelse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 31.6 mme0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“soil-water storage levels at 0-300 cm of soil profile before wheat filling under PMS and SM treatments were greater than that in CK by 47.8 and 31.6 mm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At filling, plastic mulch lowered soil water storage by 15.6 mm versus uncovered soil.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe0
- Outcome
- soil-water storagee1
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 15.6 mme0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“under PMS was lower than CK by 15.6 mm at the filling stage”
e1“soil-water storage levels at 0-300 cm of soil profile before wheat filling under PMS and SM treatments were greater than that in CK by 47.8 and 31.6 mm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch increased water consumption during flagging to heading and flowering to filling.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe0
- Outcome
- Water consumptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Water consumption under PMS and SM increased in the flagging-heading and flowering-filling stages compared with the CK.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sand mulch increased water consumption during flagging to heading and flowering to filling.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- Water consumptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Water consumption under PMS and SM increased in the flagging-heading and flowering-filling stages compared with the CK.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch increased wheat leaf area index by 59.0%-73.7% versus uncovered soil.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe0
- Outcome
- Leaf area indicese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 59.0%-73.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Leaf area indices under PMS and SM were increased by 59.0%-73.7% and 40.1%-52.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sand mulch increased wheat leaf area index by 40.1%-52.7%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- Leaf area indicese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40.1%-52.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Leaf area indices under PMS and SM were increased by 59.0%-73.7% and 40.1%-52.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch increased leaf SPAD values by 3.5%-28.4%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- leaf SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.5%-28.4%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“leaf SPAD values were increased by 3.5%-28.4% and 2.9%-23.9%, respectively, compared with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Sand mulch increased leaf SPAD values by 2.9%-23.9%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- leaf SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.9%-23.9%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“leaf SPAD values were increased by 3.5%-28.4% and 2.9%-23.9%, respectively, compared with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch increased net photosynthetic rate by 23.5%, 33.0%, and 17.7% at flagging, heading, and flowering.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.5%, 33.0% and 17.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“The net photosynthetic rate of PMS was increased by 23.5%, 33.0% and 17.7% at the flagging, heading, and flowering stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch increased stomatal conductance by 32.6%, 76.4%, and 66.9% at corresponding stages.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe1
- Outcome
- stoma-tal conductance ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.6%, 76.4% and 66.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“The corresponding stoma-tal conductance rate was increased by 32.6%, 76.4% and 66.9%, respectively.”
e1“The net photosynthetic rate of PMS”
Claim · model-written summary
At filling, net photosynthetic rate decreased by 26.2% under plastic mulch.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe1
- Outcome
- Net photosynthetice0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 26.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Net photosynthetic and stomatal conductance rates at the filling stage were decreased by 26.2% and 16.4%, respectively.”
e1“net photosynthetic rate of PMS”
Claim · model-written summary
At filling, stomatal conductance decreased by 16.4% under plastic mulch.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance ratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Net photosynthetic and stomatal conductance rates at the filling stage were decreased by 26.2% and 16.4%, respectively.”
e1“net photosynthetic rate of PMS”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch decreased stomatal limitation at heading, flowering, and filling by 14.6%, 23.9%, and 22.3%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe0
- Outcome
- stomatal limitation valuese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 14.6%, 23.9% and 22.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“stomatal limitation values in PMS were decreased by 14.6%, 23.9% and 22.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sand mulch decreased stomatal limitation at heading, flowering, and filling by 25.7%, 29.8%, and 17.4%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- stomatal limitation valuese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 25.7%, 29.8% and 17.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“and by 25.7%, 29.8% and 17.4%, respectively in SM”
e1“stomatal limitation values in PMS were decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch increased instantaneous water use efficiency by 57.8% at flagging.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe0
- Outcome
- instantaneous water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 57.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“The instantaneous water-use efficiency of spring wheat in PMS was increased by 57.8% at the flagging stage and decreased by 11.2% at the flowering stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch decreased instantaneous water use efficiency by 11.2% at flowering.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe0
- Outcome
- instantaneous water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“The instantaneous water-use efficiency of spring wheat in PMS was increased by 57.8% at the flagging stage and decreased by 11.2% at the flowering stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch increased grain yield by 36.2% and water use efficiency by 9.4%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PMSe0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Grain yield was increased by 36.2% and 8.7% and water-use efficiency increased by 9.4% and 3.4% in PMS and SM, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sand mulch increased grain yield by 8.7%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Grain yield was increased by 36.2% and 8.7% and water-use efficiency increased by 9.4% and 3.4% in PMS and SM, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sand mulch increased water use efficiency by 3.4%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring wheat”
e0“Grain yield was increased by 36.2% and 8.7% and water-use efficiency increased by 9.4% and 3.4% in PMS and SM, respectively.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.