Abstract
Abstract Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is sown as deep as 20 cm below the summer fallow soil surface in dry years in the semiarid Pacific Northwest (PNW). Many growers pack the summer fallow mulch in late August before seeding winter wheat to improve stand establishment. But packing may increase blowing dust, which is a major soil loss and air quality concern. A 2‐yr study was conducted on two silt loam soil types in 280 mm and 230 mm average annual precipitation zones in eastern Washington to determine the agronomic benefits and potential wind erosion hazards associated with packing. Packing a loose, thick surface mulch increased soil bulk density (BD) between the 5‐ to 12‐cm depth. This significantly benefited wheat seedling emergence and stand establishment, which subsequently increased grain yield 9% over nonpacked plots. But packing a soil with a thin mulch layer overlying a high BD tillage pan had no effect on soil BD, wheat seedling emergence, or grain yield. Packing rendered the soil more vulnerable to wind erosion at both locations by reducing soil clod mass 55% and surface residue 38% compared with not packing. There are agronomic benefits from packing summer fallow mulch before seeding, but packing should be practiced judiciously, and not considered when surface residue or soil clods are lacking. This is especially true for poorly aggregated coarse‐textured soils where soil structure is difficult to maintain.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Packing loose thick mulch increased soil bulk density at 5 to 12 cm.
- Taxon
- Winter wheat
Triticum aestivume7 - Treatment
- Packing a loose, thick surface mulche0
- Outcome
- soil bulk density (BD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- between the 5‐ to 12‐cm depthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Packing a loose, thick surface mulch increased soil bulk density (BD) between the 5‐ to 12‐cm depth”
e7“Winter wheat”
e1“Packing a loose, thick surface mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Packing thick mulch benefited wheat emergence and stand establishment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Packing a loose, thick surface mulche1
- Outcome
- wheat seedling emergence and stand establishmente0
- Direction
- benefitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This significantly benefited wheat seedling emergence and stand establishment”
e1“Packing a loose, thick surface mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Packing thick mulch increased wheat grain yield 9% over nonpacked plots.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- Packing a loose, thick surface mulche1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Comparator
- nonpacked plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased grain yield 9% over nonpacked plots”
e7“Winter wheat”
e1“Packing a loose, thick surface mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Packing thin mulch over a dense tillage pan did not affect soil bulk density.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- packing a soil with a thin mulch layer overlying a high BD tillage pane0
- Outcome
- soil BDe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“packing a soil with a thin mulch layer overlying a high BD tillage pan had no effect on soil BD, wheat seedling emergence, or grain yield”
e7“Winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Packing thin mulch over a dense tillage pan did not affect wheat emergence.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- packing a soil with a thin mulch layer overlying a high BD tillage pane0
- Outcome
- wheat seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“packing a soil with a thin mulch layer overlying a high BD tillage pan had no effect on soil BD, wheat seedling emergence, or grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Packing thin mulch over a dense tillage pan did not affect grain yield.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- packing a soil with a thin mulch layer overlying a high BD tillage pane0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“packing a soil with a thin mulch layer overlying a high BD tillage pan had no effect on soil BD, wheat seedling emergence, or grain yield”
e7“Winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Packing reduced soil clod mass 55% relative to no packing.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- Packinge1
- Outcome
- soil clod masse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Comparator
- not packinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing soil clod mass 55% and surface residue 38% compared with not packing”
e7“Winter wheat”
e1“Packing a loose, thick surface mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Packing reduced surface residue 38% relative to no packing.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- Packinge1
- Outcome
- surface residuee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 38%e0
- Comparator
- not packinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing soil clod mass 55% and surface residue 38% compared with not packing”
e7“Winter wheat”
e1“Packing a loose, thick surface mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Packing increased wind erosion vulnerability at both sites.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- Packinge0
- Outcome
- soil more vulnerable to wind erosione0
- Direction
- more vulnerablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Packing rendered the soil more vulnerable to wind erosion at both locations”
e7“Winter wheat”
e1“Packing a loose, thick surface mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Packing should be used judiciously and avoided without surface residue or clods.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Outcome
- packing should be practiced judiciously, and not considered when surface residue or soil clods are lackinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“packing should be practiced judiciously, and not considered when surface residue or soil clods are lacking”
e7“Winter wheat”
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