Abstract
Abstract Blowing dust from summer fallow is a major soil loss and air quality concern in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production areas of the inland Pacific Northwest (PNW). The objective of our 3‐yr on‐farm study in a 286‐mm precipitation zone in eastern Washington was to determine the effects of tillage mulch depth during fallow on surface soil roughness, residue retention, seed‐zone water storage, wheat establishment, and grain yield. Soil is a Ritzville silt loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, mesic Calcidic Haploxeroll). Mulch depth combinations were created by primary spring tillage with noninversion implements at 100‐ or 160‐mm depths, and with subsequent rodweedings at 50‐ or 100‐mm depths. Tillage mulch depth during fallow did not affect seedling emergence after two wet fallow cycles, but wheat spike density was consistently greatest in deep‐tilled plots. In a dry fallow cycle, when dry soil extended beneath the rodweeder or secondary tillage layer, deep tillage increased stand establishment from 30 to 62 seedlings m ‐2 , grain yield from 4.4 to 5.3 Mg ha ‐1 , and residue production from 5.7 to 8.4 Mg ha ‐1 compared with shallow tillage. Surface soil clods >50‐mm diameter, desirable for wind erosion control, increased with tillage mulch depth from 14 to 21 Mg ha ‐1 in 1994, and from 22 to 37 Mg ha ‐1 in 1995. A drawback to deep tillage mulches was the need to reduce tractor speed during planting. Surface residue retention was not affected by tillage mulch depth. Results show that surface clod structure and roughness during fallow can be maintained to protect the soil from erosion, mostly benefiting wheat production potential.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch depth did not affect wheat seedling emergence after two wet fallow cycles.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Tillage mulch depth during fallowe0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tillage mulch depth during fallow did not affect seedling emergence after two wet fallow cycles”
e1“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat spike density was greatest in deep tilled plots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- deep‐tilled plotse0
- Outcome
- wheat spike densitye0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat spike density was consistently greatest in deep‐tilled plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
In dry fallow, deep tillage raised wheat stand establishment from 30 to 62 seedlings m ‐2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- deep tillagee0
- Outcome
- stand establishmente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 62 seedlings m ‐2e0
- Qualifier
- 30e0
- Comparator
- shallow tillagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep tillage increased stand establishment from 30 to 62 seedlings m ‐2”
e1“winter wheat”
e2“compared with shallow tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
In dry fallow, deep tillage raised wheat grain yield from 4.4 to 5.3 Mg ha ‐1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- deep tillagee2
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 5.3 Mg ha ‐1e0
- Qualifier
- 4.4e0
- Comparator
- shallow tillagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield from 4.4 to 5.3 Mg ha ‐1”
e1“winter wheat”
e2“deep tillage increased stand establishment from 30 to 62 seedlings m ‐2 , grain yield from 4.4 to 5.3 Mg ha ‐1 , and residue production from 5.7 to 8.4 Mg ha ‐1 compared with shallow tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
In dry fallow, deep tillage raised wheat residue production from 5.7 to 8.4 Mg ha ‐1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- deep tillagee2
- Outcome
- residue productione0
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 8.4 Mg ha ‐1e0
- Qualifier
- 5.7e0
- Comparator
- shallow tillagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“residue production from 5.7 to 8.4 Mg ha ‐1”
e1“winter wheat”
e2“deep tillage increased stand establishment from 30 to 62 seedlings m ‐2 , grain yield from 4.4 to 5.3 Mg ha ‐1 , and residue production from 5.7 to 8.4 Mg ha ‐1 compared with shallow tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface soil clods over 50 mm increased from 14 to 21 Mg ha ‐1 with depth in 1994.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- tillage mulch depthe0
- Outcome
- Surface soil clods >50‐mm diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21 Mg ha ‐1e0
- Qualifier
- 1994e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surface soil clods >50‐mm diameter, desirable for wind erosion control, increased with tillage mulch depth from 14 to 21 Mg ha ‐1 in 1994”
e1“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface soil clods over 50 mm increased from 22 to 37 Mg ha ‐1 with depth in 1995.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- tillage mulch depthe2
- Outcome
- Surface soil clods >50‐mm diametere2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 37 Mg ha ‐1e0
- Qualifier
- 1995e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from 22 to 37 Mg ha ‐1 in 1995.”
e1“winter wheat”
e2“Surface soil clods >50‐mm diameter, desirable for wind erosion control, increased with tillage mulch depth from 14 to 21 Mg ha ‐1 in 1994, and from 22 to 37 Mg ha ‐1 in 1995.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep tillage mulches required reduced tractor speed during planting.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- deep tillage mulchese0
- Outcome
- need to reduce tractor speed during plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A drawback to deep tillage mulches was the need to reduce tractor speed during planting.”
e1“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage mulch depth did not affect surface residue retention.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- tillage mulch depthe0
- Outcome
- Surface residue retentione0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surface residue retention was not affected by tillage mulch depth.”
e1“winter wheat”
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