Abstract
Abstract Extreme climate events (ECEs) of drought are becoming common in Mediterranean areas and farmers need adapt agricultural practices to achieve sustainability. This field study took place in to gain insight into the effects of seasonal rainfall, tillage and crop systems on wheat yield and weed parameters. Conventional (CT), minimum (MT) and no-tillage (NT) systems in wheat monoculture and rotation cropping systems were tested during 3 years of study (2014–2015, 2015–2016 and 2016–2017). Growing Season Rainfall (GSR) was the most influential factor on yield parameters and weed population. In 2016–2017, categorized as an extreme climate event by drought, the GSR accounted for 43.4% of the historical average. This year, the wheat yield (373 kg ha −1 ) and harvest index (0.18) were the lowest. In 2015–2016, scarcer autumn rainfall (44 mm) affected the weed germination period, reducing the density (17 plants m −2 ) and diversity of weed species (3 species m −2 ) while yield was favoured by high winter and spring rainfall (247 mm). Our study revealed that tillage effects was not significant on wheat yield, but NT systems consistently showed higher weed density and diversity than CT and MT despite the irregular GSR during this study. The rotation system presented higher values of wheat grain yield (781 kg/ha) and dry straw biomass (1803 kg/ha) but also weed biomass (48.54 g m −2 ) compared to monoculture (27.50 g m −2 ). NT and rotation combined increased the weed community although did not reduce the wheat yield compare to conventional systems even with an ECE of drought.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Growing season rainfall was the most influential factor for yield parameters and weed population.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Growing Season Rainfall (GSR)e0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- yield parameters and weed populatione0
- Qualifier
- most influential factore0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growing Season Rainfall (GSR) was the most influential factor on yield parameters and weed population.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In drought-classified 2016–2017, growing season rainfall was 43.4% of the historical average.
- Outcome
- GSRe0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 43.4%e0
- Qualifier
- In 2016–2017, categorized as an extreme climate event by droughte0
- Comparator
- historical averagee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In 2016–2017, categorized as an extreme climate event by drought, the GSR accounted for 43.4% of the historical average.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield in the drought year was the lowest, at 373 kg ha −1 .
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 373 kg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- 2016–2017e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This year, the wheat yield (373 kg ha −1 ) and harvest index (0.18) were the lowest.”
e1“In 2016–2017, categorized as an extreme climate event by drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat harvest index in the drought year was the lowest, at 0.18.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- droughte1
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.18e0
- Qualifier
- 2016–2017e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This year, the wheat yield (373 kg ha −1 ) and harvest index (0.18) were the lowest.”
e1“In 2016–2017, categorized as an extreme climate event by drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Scarcer autumn rainfall of 44 mm in 2015–2016 affected weed germination timing and reduced density to 17 plants m −2 .
Verbatim
e0“In 2015–2016, scarcer autumn rainfall (44 mm) affected the weed germination period, reducing the density (17 plants m −2 ) and diversity of weed species (3 species m −2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Scarcer autumn rainfall in 2015–2016 reduced weed diversity to 3 species m −2 .
Verbatim
e0“In 2015–2016, scarcer autumn rainfall (44 mm) affected the weed germination period, reducing the density (17 plants m −2 ) and diversity of weed species (3 species m −2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
High winter and spring rainfall of 247 mm favoured wheat yield in 2015–2016.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high winter and spring rainfall (247 mm)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- favourede0
- Qualifier
- 2015–2016e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while yield was favoured by high winter and spring rainfall (247 mm).”
e1“In 2015–2016, scarcer autumn rainfall”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage effects on wheat yield were not significant.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- tillagee0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our study revealed that tillage effects was not significant on wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage consistently had higher weed density and diversity than conventional and minimum tillage despite irregular rainfall.
Verbatim
e0“NT systems consistently showed higher weed density and diversity than CT and MT despite the irregular GSR during this study.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation had higher wheat grain yield than monoculture, at 781 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotation systeme0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 781 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotation system presented higher values of wheat grain yield (781 kg/ha) and dry straw biomass (1803 kg/ha) but also weed biomass (48.54 g m −2 ) compared to monoculture (27.50 g m −2 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation had higher wheat dry straw biomass than monoculture, at 1803 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rotation systeme0
- Outcome
- dry straw biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1803 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rotation system presented higher values of wheat grain yield (781 kg/ha) and dry straw biomass (1803 kg/ha) but also weed biomass (48.54 g m −2 ) compared to monoculture (27.50 g m −2 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation had higher weed biomass, 48.54 g m −2 , than monoculture at 27.50 g m −2 .
Verbatim
e0“The rotation system presented higher values of wheat grain yield (781 kg/ha) and dry straw biomass (1803 kg/ha) but also weed biomass (48.54 g m −2 ) compared to monoculture (27.50 g m −2 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining no-tillage and rotation increased the weed community even during drought.
Verbatim
e0“NT and rotation combined increased the weed community although did not reduce the wheat yield compare to conventional systems even with an ECE of drought.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining no-tillage and rotation did not reduce wheat yield relative to conventional systems even during drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NT and rotation combinede0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
- Qualifier
- even with an ECE of droughte0
- Comparator
- conventional systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NT and rotation combined increased the weed community although did not reduce the wheat yield compare to conventional systems even with an ECE of drought.”
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