Abstract
Effects of annual organic fertilization on maize and sunflower yields and on physical and chemical characteristics of a Fluvisol were evaluated in the semiarid area of Paraiba state, from 2007 to 2011. The experiment was a block design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to one control and three fertilizer treatments (cattle manure and Gliricidia sepium and Croton sonderianus prunings) and two application procedures (soil surface or incorporated in the 0–10 cm layer), with four replications. Maize was grown in the first 3 years and then sunflower was grown for 2 years. Grain and straw yields increased with fertilization, especially in the years of good rains (maize, 0–61%, reaching 3.4 Mg ha−1 of grain; sunflower, 48–112%, reaching 1.4 Mg ha−1 of achenes), differing only slightly between fertilizer types and form of application. All fertilizers incorporated for 5 years reduced water infiltration time (20–50%), but only manure and G. sepium reduced soil bulk density (about 10%) and increased soil porosity (7–10%). Manure increased soil pH (0.7–1.0 units). Surface application of manure and C. sonderianus increased soil organic matter (28 and 72%) and phosphorus concentrations (about 70%). We suggest that, in sites with soil physical problems (slow water infiltration, high soil compaction, and low porosity), organic fertilizers may lead to better responses if incorporated into the soil. If there is a need for greater improvement of soil organic matter, nutrients and water conservation, surface applied organic manure and C. sonderianus may be a better management practice.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased maize grain and straw yield, especially in rainy years; grain reached 3.4 Mg ha−1.
- Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Grain and straw yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0–61%e0
- Qualifier
- reaching 3.4 Mg ha−1 of graine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain and straw yields increased with fertilization, especially in the years of good rains (maize, 0–61%, reaching 3.4 Mg ha−1 of grain; sunflower, 48–112%, reaching 1.4 Mg ha−1 of achenes)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased sunflower yields by 48–112%, with achenes reaching 1.4 Mg ha−1.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 48–112%e0
- Qualifier
- reaching 1.4 Mg ha−1 of achenese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain and straw yields increased with fertilization, especially in the years of good rains (maize, 0–61%, reaching 3.4 Mg ha−1 of grain; sunflower, 48–112%, reaching 1.4 Mg ha−1 of achenes)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield differences among fertilizer types and application forms were slight.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuus
Zea mayst0 - Outcome
- differing only slightlye0
- Comparator
- fertilizer types and form of applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“differing only slightly between fertilizer types and form of application.”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Five years of incorporated fertilizers reduced water infiltration time by 20–50%.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- All fertilizers incorporated for 5 yearse0
- Outcome
- water infiltration timee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20–50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All fertilizers incorporated for 5 years reduced water infiltration time (20–50%)”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure reduced soil bulk density by about 10%.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- manuree0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- about 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only manure and G. sepium reduced soil bulk density (about 10%)”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
G. sepium prunings reduced soil bulk density by about 10%.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- G. sepiume0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- about 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only manure and G. sepium reduced soil bulk density (about 10%)”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure increased soil porosity by 7–10%.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- manuree0
- Outcome
- soil porositye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7–10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only manure and G. sepium reduced soil bulk density (about 10%) and increased soil porosity (7–10%).”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
G. sepium prunings increased soil porosity by 7–10%.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- G. sepiume0
- Outcome
- soil porositye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7–10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only manure and G. sepium reduced soil bulk density (about 10%) and increased soil porosity (7–10%).”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure increased soil pH by 0.7–1.0 units.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Manuree0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.7–1.0 unitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manure increased soil pH (0.7–1.0 units).”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface manure increased soil organic matter by 28%.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Surface application of manuree0
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28e0
- Qualifier
- 28 and 72%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surface application of manure and C. sonderianus increased soil organic matter (28 and 72%) and phosphorus concentrations (about 70%).”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface C. sonderianus increased soil organic matter by 72%.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- C. sonderianuse0
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surface application of manure and C. sonderianus increased soil organic matter (28 and 72%) and phosphorus concentrations (about 70%).”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface manure increased soil phosphorus concentration by about 70%.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Surface application of manuree0
- Outcome
- phosphorus concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surface application of manure and C. sonderianus increased soil organic matter (28 and 72%) and phosphorus concentrations (about 70%).”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface C. sonderianus increased soil phosphorus concentration by about 70%.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- C. sonderianuse0
- Outcome
- phosphorus concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surface application of manure and C. sonderianus increased soil organic matter (28 and 72%) and phosphorus concentrations (about 70%).”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend incorporation where infiltration or compaction limits soil physical condition.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Outcome
- organic fertilizers may lead to better responses if incorporated into the soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in sites with soil physical problems (slow water infiltration, high soil compaction, and low porosity), organic fertilizers may lead to better responses if incorporated into the soil.”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend surface manure or C. sonderianus where organic matter, nutrients and water conservation need improvement.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayst0
- Outcome
- surface applied organic manure and C. sonderianuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surface applied organic manure and C. sonderianus may be a better management practice.”
t0“Maize and sunflower”
The same questions in other papers
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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See all 3,908 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.