Abstract
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants were grown with saline–sodic water (SSW) by treating with potassium (K @ 100 and 200 mg K2O kg−1 soil) and farm yard manure (FYM @ 5 and 10% of soil, w/w). Irrigation with untreated SSW caused soil salinization/sodification, leading to an increase in electrical conductivity (EC) of 165% and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 100% with the subsequent increase of 736% in shoot Na+, a decrease of 52% in shoot K+ and 94% in shoot K+:Na+ratio compared to canal water. SSW also decreased physiological activities: 31% relative water content (RWC), 34% membrane stability index (MSI), 51% protein, 33% chlorophyll and 58% photosynthetic rate compared to canal water. Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM. In conclusion, exogenous application of K and FYM could be a promising approach to use brackish water in agriculture on a sustainable basis.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Saline sodic irrigation changed electrical conductivity (EC) by 165% versus canal water.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- untreated SSWe0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivity (EC)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 165%e0
- Comparator
- canal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation with untreated SSW caused soil salinization/sodification, leading to an increase in electrical conductivity (EC) of 165% and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 100% with the subsequent increase of 736% in shoot Na+, a decrease of 52% in shoot K+ and 94% in shoot K+:Na+ratio compared to canal water.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline sodic irrigation changed sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) by 100% versus canal water.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- untreated SSWe0
- Outcome
- sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Comparator
- canal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation with untreated SSW caused soil salinization/sodification, leading to an increase in electrical conductivity (EC) of 165% and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 100% with the subsequent increase of 736% in shoot Na+, a decrease of 52% in shoot K+ and 94% in shoot K+:Na+ratio compared to canal water.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline sodic irrigation changed shoot Na+ by 736% versus canal water.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- untreated SSWe0
- Outcome
- shoot Na+e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 736%e0
- Comparator
- canal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation with untreated SSW caused soil salinization/sodification, leading to an increase in electrical conductivity (EC) of 165% and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 100% with the subsequent increase of 736% in shoot Na+, a decrease of 52% in shoot K+ and 94% in shoot K+:Na+ratio compared to canal water.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline sodic irrigation changed shoot K+ by 52% versus canal water.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- untreated SSWe0
- Outcome
- shoot K+e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 52%e0
- Comparator
- canal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation with untreated SSW caused soil salinization/sodification, leading to an increase in electrical conductivity (EC) of 165% and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 100% with the subsequent increase of 736% in shoot Na+, a decrease of 52% in shoot K+ and 94% in shoot K+:Na+ratio compared to canal water.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline sodic irrigation changed shoot K+:Na+ratio by 94% versus canal water.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- untreated SSWe0
- Outcome
- shoot K+:Na+ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 94%e0
- Comparator
- canal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation with untreated SSW caused soil salinization/sodification, leading to an increase in electrical conductivity (EC) of 165% and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 100% with the subsequent increase of 736% in shoot Na+, a decrease of 52% in shoot K+ and 94% in shoot K+:Na+ratio compared to canal water.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SSW decreased relative water content (RWC) by 31% versus canal water.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- SSWe0
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- canal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSW also decreased physiological activities: 31% relative water content (RWC), 34% membrane stability index (MSI), 51% protein, 33% chlorophyll and 58% photosynthetic rate compared to canal water.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SSW decreased membrane stability index (MSI) by 34% versus canal water.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- SSWe0
- Outcome
- membrane stability index (MSI)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- canal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSW also decreased physiological activities: 31% relative water content (RWC), 34% membrane stability index (MSI), 51% protein, 33% chlorophyll and 58% photosynthetic rate compared to canal water.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SSW decreased protein by 51% versus canal water.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- SSWe0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 51%e0
- Comparator
- canal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSW also decreased physiological activities: 31% relative water content (RWC), 34% membrane stability index (MSI), 51% protein, 33% chlorophyll and 58% photosynthetic rate compared to canal water.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SSW decreased chlorophyll by 33% versus canal water.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- SSWe0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Comparator
- canal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSW also decreased physiological activities: 31% relative water content (RWC), 34% membrane stability index (MSI), 51% protein, 33% chlorophyll and 58% photosynthetic rate compared to canal water.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SSW decreased photosynthetic rate by 58% versus canal water.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- SSWe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 58%e0
- Comparator
- canal watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSW also decreased physiological activities: 31% relative water content (RWC), 34% membrane stability index (MSI), 51% protein, 33% chlorophyll and 58% photosynthetic rate compared to canal water.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High K and FYM application changed soil EC by 54% versus SSW alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher levele0
- Outcome
- soil ECe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 54%e0
- Comparator
- SSW without K and/or FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High K and FYM application changed SAR by 43% versus SSW alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher levele0
- Outcome
- SARe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 43%e0
- Comparator
- SSW without K and/or FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High K and FYM application changed shoot Na+ by 57% versus SSW alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher levele0
- Outcome
- shoot Na+e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 57%e0
- Comparator
- SSW without K and/or FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High K and FYM application changed soil organic matter by 166% versus SSW alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher levele0
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 166%e0
- Comparator
- SSW without K and/or FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High K and FYM application changed shoot K+ by 360% versus SSW alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher levele0
- Outcome
- shoot K+e0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 360%e0
- Comparator
- SSW without K and/or FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High K and FYM application changed shoot K+:Na+ratio by 987% versus SSW alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher levele0
- Outcome
- shoot K+:Na+ratioe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 987%e0
- Comparator
- SSW without K and/or FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High K and FYM application changed RWC by 34% versus SSW alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher levele0
- Outcome
- RWCe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- SSW without K and/or FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High K and FYM application changed MSI by 37% versus SSW alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher levele0
- Outcome
- MSIe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Comparator
- SSW without K and/or FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High K and FYM application changed protein by 60% versus SSW alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher levele0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- SSW without K and/or FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM.”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
High K and FYM application changed photosynthetic rate by 102% versus SSW alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher levele0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 102%e0
- Comparator
- SSW without K and/or FYMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated application of K and FYM, at higher level, decreased soil EC by 54% and SAR 43%, and shoot Na+ 57% with a corresponding improvement in soil organic matter 166%, shoot K+ 360%, shoot K+:Na+ratio 987%, RWC 34%, MSI 37%, protein 60%, photosynthetic rate 102%, superoxide dismutase 92%, peroxidase 78% and catalase 52% compared to SSW without K and/or FYM.”
t0“sunflower”
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8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.