Abstract
An experiment was conducted in an oasis area in northwest China to assess the coupling effects of water and nitrogen supply through drip irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), as well as the nitrate distribution in the root-zone soil. The experiment included three irrigation levels (210 [W1], 300 [W2], and 390 [W3] mm), three nitrogen levels (162 [N1], 232 [N2], and 302 [N3] kg/hm2), and control treatment (no fertilization during whole growth period and only irrigated at the budding stage). A nitrogen content over-accumulation in the soil was observed under the low irrigation amount with high fertilizer supply, which cannot enhance the sunflowers’ absorption of nitrogen. Excessive irrigation caused leach of the soil nitrogen, reduced nitrogen content in the root-zone soil (0-40 cm) and limited nitrogen uptake by the crop. Although low irrigation amount with high fertilizer supply can increase the nitrogen content in the soil, it cannot enhance the sunflowers’ absorption of nitrogen. At the vegetative stage of sunflower growth, the accumulation of nitrogen in the organs was mainly concentrated in the leaves, while it was transferred to the flower disk at the reproductive growth stage. Reasonable coupling of water and nitrogen improved the transport of nitrogen from leaves and stems to the flower disk aromoted the formation of yield components. Six regression equations were established with irrigation and fertilization amount as independent variables, and seed rate, seed weight per flowerdisk, 1000 grain weight, yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity as dependent variables, respectively. Multiple regression and spatial analysis suggested that the irrigation amount of 241.62- 253.35 mm and the fertilization application of 202.02-209.40 N kg/hm2 was a good irrigation strategy, under which all six factors exceed 75% of their maxima, and the yield of sunflower reached 3 229.3 kg/hm2. Keywords: fertilization, Helianthus annuus L., irrigation management, nitrogen transformation, nutrient uptake, Xinjiang DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211405.6399 Citation: Wang T Y, Wang Z H, Wu Q, Zhang J Z, Quan L S, Fan B H, et al. Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(5): 130–141.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and high fertilizer accumulated nitrogen in soil.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- low irrigation amount with high fertilizer supplye0
- Outcome
- nitrogen content over-accumulation in the soile0
- Direction
- over-accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A nitrogen content over-accumulation in the soil was observed under the low irrigation amount with high fertilizer supply”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and high fertilizer did not enhance sunflower nitrogen absorption.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- low irrigation amount with high fertilizer supplye0
- Outcome
- sunflowers’ absorption of nitrogene0
- Direction
- cannot enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low irrigation amount with high fertilizer supply can increase the nitrogen content in the soil, it cannot enhance the sunflowers’ absorption of nitrogen.”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess irrigation leached soil nitrogen and reduced root-zone nitrogen.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Excessive irrigatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen content in the root-zone soile0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 0-40 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excessive irrigation caused leach of the soil nitrogen, reduced nitrogen content in the root-zone soil (0-40 cm)”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess irrigation limited sunflower nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Excessive irrigatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake by the crope0
- Direction
- limitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excessive irrigation caused leach of the soil nitrogen, reduced nitrogen content in the root-zone soil (0-40 cm) and limited nitrogen uptake by the crop.”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
Claim · model-written summary
At the vegetative stage, sunflower nitrogen accumulated mainly in leaves.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- accumulation of nitrogene0
- Direction
- mainly concentratede0
- Qualifier
- vegetative stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the vegetative stage of sunflower growth, the accumulation of nitrogen in the organs was mainly concentrated in the leaves”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
Claim · model-written summary
At reproduction, nitrogen moved to sunflower flower disks.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- flower diske0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- transferrede0
- Qualifier
- reproductive growth stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the vegetative stage of sunflower growth, the accumulation of nitrogen in the organs was mainly concentrated in the leaves, while it was transferred to the flower disk at the reproductive growth stage.”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Coupled water and nitrogen improved nitrogen transport from leaves and stems to flower disks.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Reasonable coupling of water and nitrogene0
- Outcome
- transport of nitrogen from leaves and stems to the flower diske0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reasonable coupling of water and nitrogen improved the transport of nitrogen from leaves and stems to the flower disk”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Coupled water and nitrogen promoted yield component formation.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Reasonable coupling of water and nitrogene0
- Outcome
- formation of yield componentse0
- Direction
- aromotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reasonable coupling of water and nitrogen improved the transport of nitrogen from leaves and stems to the flower disk aromoted the formation of yield components.”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Six irrigation and fertilization regression equations described sunflower yield and efficiency responses.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- Six regression equationse0
- Value
- Sixe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six regression equations were established with irrigation and fertilization amount as independent variables, and seed rate, seed weight per flowerdisk, 1000 grain weight, yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity as dependent variables, respectively.”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended irrigation and nitrogen ranges put six responses above 75% of maxima.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- irrigation amount of 241.62- 253.35 mm and the fertilization application of 202.02-209.40 N kg/hm2e0
- Outcome
- good irrigation strategye0
- Value
- 75%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the irrigation amount of 241.62- 253.35 mm and the fertilization application of 202.02-209.40 N kg/hm2 was a good irrigation strategy, under which all six factors exceed 75% of their maxima”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower yield under the proposed strategy reached 3 229.3 kg/hm2.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reachede0
- Value
- 3 229.3 kg/hm2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of sunflower reached 3 229.3 kg/hm2.”
t0“Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and yield of sunflower under drip irrigation in an oasis”
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