Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are significant components in the MAPK signal pathway and play essential roles in regulating plants against drought stress. To explore MAPKKK gene family functioning in cotton response and resistance to drought stress, we conducted a systematic analysis of GhMAPKKKs. RESULTS: In this study, 157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs (including 87 RAFs, 46 MEKKs and 24 ZIKs) were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). These GhMAPKKK genes are unevenly distributed on 26 chromosomes, and segmental duplication is the major way for the enlargement of MAPKKK family. Furthermore, members within the same subfamily share a similar gene structure and motif composition. A lot of cis-elements relevant to plant growth and response to stresses are distributed in promoter regions of GhMAPKKKs. Additionally, these GhMAPKKKs show differential expression patterns in cotton tissues. The transcription levels of most genes were markedly altered in cotton under heat, cold and PEG treatments, while the expressions of some GhMAPKKKs were induced in cotton under drought stress. Among these drought-induced genes, we selected GhRAF4 and GhMEKK12 for further functional characterization by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method. The experimental results indicated that the gene-silenced cotton displayed decreased tolerance to drought stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was higher, but proline accumulation, relative leaf water content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were lower in the gene-silenced cotton, compared with those in the controls, under drought stress. CONCLUSION: Collectively, a systematic survey of gene structure, chromosomal location, motif composition and evolutionary relationship of MAPKKKs were performed in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The following expression and functional study showed that some of them take important parts in cotton drought tolerance. Thus, the data presented here may provide a foundation for further investigating the roles of GhMAPKKKs in cotton response and resistance to drought stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs were identified in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutume1 - Gene
- GhMAPKKKse1
- Outcome
- nonredundant GhMAPKKKse1
- Value
- 157e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs (including 87 RAFs, 46 MEKKs and 24 ZIKs) were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
87 GhMAPKKKs belong to the RAF subfamily in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- RAFse1
- Value
- 87e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs (including 87 RAFs, 46 MEKKs and 24 ZIKs) were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
46 GhMAPKKKs belong to the MEKK subfamily in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- MEKKse1
- Value
- 46e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs (including 87 RAFs, 46 MEKKs and 24 ZIKs) were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
24 GhMAPKKKs belong to the ZIK subfamily in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- ZIKse1
- Value
- 24e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs (including 87 RAFs, 46 MEKKs and 24 ZIKs) were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
Claim · model-written summary
GhMAPKKK genes are unevenly distributed on 26 chromosomes in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- unevenly distributede2
- Value
- 26 chromosomese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs (including 87 RAFs, 46 MEKKs and 24 ZIKs) were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
e2“These GhMAPKKK genes are unevenly distributed on 26 chromosomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Segmental duplication is the major route to enlargement of the cotton MAPKKK family.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- enlargement of MAPKKK familye3
- Qualifier
- segmental duplication is the major waye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs (including 87 RAFs, 46 MEKKs and 24 ZIKs) were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
e3“segmental duplication is the major way for the enlargement of MAPKKK family”
Claim · model-written summary
Members of the same GhMAPKKK subfamily share similar gene structure and motif composition.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- gene structure and motif compositione4
- Qualifier
- members within the same subfamilye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs (including 87 RAFs, 46 MEKKs and 24 ZIKs) were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
e4“members within the same subfamily share a similar gene structure and motif composition”
Claim · model-written summary
Many cis-elements relevant to growth and stress response are found in GhMAPKKK promoters.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutume1
- Gene
- GhMAPKKKse5
- Outcome
- cis-elementse5
- Qualifier
- relevant to plant growth and response to stressese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs (including 87 RAFs, 46 MEKKs and 24 ZIKs) were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)”
e5“A lot of cis-elements relevant to plant growth and response to stresses are distributed in promoter regions of GhMAPKKKs”
Claim · model-written summary
GhMAPKKKs show differential expression patterns among cotton tissues.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume6
- Organ / stage
- tissuese6
- Gene
- GhMAPKKKse6
- Outcome
- differential expression patternse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“these GhMAPKKKs show differential expression patterns in cotton tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcription levels of most cotton genes were markedly altered under heat, cold and PEG treatments.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume7
- Treatment
- heat, cold and PEG treatmentse7
- Outcome
- transcription levels of most genese7
- Direction
- alterede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The transcription levels of most genes were markedly altered in cotton under heat, cold and PEG treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of some GhMAPKKKs was induced in cotton under drought stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Gene
- GhMAPKKKse0
- Outcome
- expressions of some GhMAPKKKse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while the expressions of some GhMAPKKKs were induced in cotton under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene-silenced cotton of GhRAF4 and GhMEKK12 displayed decreased tolerance to drought stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- gene-silenced cottone0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Gene
- GhRAF4 and GhMEKK12e1
- Outcome
- tolerance to drought stresse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experimental results indicated that the gene-silenced cotton displayed decreased tolerance to drought stress”
e1“we selected GhRAF4 and GhMEKK12 for further functional characterization by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde content was higher in gene-silenced cotton than in controls under drought stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- gene-silenced cottone1
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- Malondialdehyde (MDA) contente1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- the controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experimental results indicated that the gene-silenced cotton displayed decreased tolerance to drought stress”
e1“Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was higher, but proline accumulation, relative leaf water content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were lower in the gene-silenced cotton, compared with those in the controls, under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline accumulation and relative leaf water content were lower in gene-silenced cotton than in controls under drought stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- gene-silenced cottone1
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- proline accumulation, relative leaf water contente1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- the controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experimental results indicated that the gene-silenced cotton displayed decreased tolerance to drought stress”
e1“Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was higher, but proline accumulation, relative leaf water content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were lower in the gene-silenced cotton, compared with those in the controls, under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Activities of SOD and POD were lower in gene-silenced cotton than in controls under drought stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- gene-silenced cottone1
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD)e1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- the controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The experimental results indicated that the gene-silenced cotton displayed decreased tolerance to drought stress”
e1“Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was higher, but proline accumulation, relative leaf water content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were lower in the gene-silenced cotton, compared with those in the controls, under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Some cotton GhMAPKKKs play important roles in drought tolerance.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- some of them take important partse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“some of them take important parts in cotton drought tolerance”