Abstract
In recent years, nutrient management has gained much attention as a way to mitigate heavy metal stress. Silicon (Si) promotes plant defense responses against toxic metal stresses. In this study, we evaluated the effects of silicon (Si) on copper (Cu) toxicity in two flax genotypes (Sakha 1 and Sakha 2) as it relates to plant growth, yield attributes, total chlorophyll, nucleic acid content, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation, copper and silicon content, and fatty acid composition. The results showed that Cu (100 and 200 µM) inhibited plant growth and increased Cu accumulation in soil, roots, and shoots. Cu significantly decreased the yield attributes, total chlorophyll by 9.5% and 22% in Sakha 1 and by 22.5% and 29% in Sakha 2, and enhanced the accumulation of non-enzymatic (tocopherol), enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismnutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase) and secondary metabolites (phenol and flavonoids). The DNA content significantly decreased in stressed plants with 100 and 200 µM Cu about 22% and 44%, respectively, in Sakha 1 and about 21.6% and 34.7% in Sakha 2, and RNA content also decreased by about 20% and 29%, respectively, in Sakha 1 and by about 2% and 13% in Sakha 2 compared to the control plant. Furthermore, Cu stress accelerated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and induced cellular oxidative injury caused by lipid peroxidation. In parallel, Cu induced a change in the composition of fatty acids, resulting in lower unsaturated fatty acid levels and increased saturated fatty acids (increased saturation/unsaturation ratio for both genotypes). Treating the flax plants with irrigation three times with Si protected the plants from Cu toxicity. Si treatment decreased the uptake and the transport of Cu to the shoots and harvested seeds and promoted plant growth, yield attributes, and antioxidant defense systems by reducing Cu accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of H2O2. In addition, the alleviation of Cu toxicity correlated with increased Si accumulation in the roots and shoots. In conclusion, Si can be used to improve the resistance of flax plants to Cu toxicity by up-regulating the antioxidant defense system such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) and decreasing the oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Copper inhibited flax growth and increased copper accumulation.
- Taxon
- Flax
Linum usitatissimumt0 - Treatment
- Cu (100 and 200 µM)e0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Cu (100 and 200 µM) inhibited plant growth and increased Cu accumulation in soil, roots, and shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper increased accumulation in roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Cu (100 and 200 µM)e0
- Outcome
- Cu accumulation in soil, roots, and shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Cu (100 and 200 µM) inhibited plant growth and increased Cu accumulation in soil, roots, and shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper significantly decreased flax yield attributes.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Cue0
- Outcome
- yield attributese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Cu significantly decreased the yield attributes”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper decreased total chlorophyll in Sakha 1 by 9.5% and 22%.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Material
- Sakha 1e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Value
- 9.5% and 22%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“total chlorophyll by 9.5% and 22% in Sakha 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper decreased total chlorophyll in Sakha 2 by 22.5% and 29%.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Material
- Sakha 2e0
- Treatment
- Cue1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 22.5% and 29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“total chlorophyll by 9.5% and 22% in Sakha 1 and by 22.5% and 29% in Sakha 2”
e1“Cu significantly decreased the yield attributes, total chlorophyll”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper enhanced antioxidant and secondary metabolite accumulation.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Cue0
- Outcome
- accumulation of non-enzymatic (tocopherol), enzymatic antioxidantse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Cu significantly decreased the yield attributes, total chlorophyll by 9.5% and 22% in Sakha 1 and by 22.5% and 29% in Sakha 2, and enhanced the accumulation of non-enzymatic (tocopherol), enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismnutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase) and secondary metabolites (phenol and flavonoids)”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper decreased DNA content in Sakha 1 at both doses.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Material
- Sakha 1e0
- Treatment
- 100 and 200 µM Cue0
- Outcome
- DNA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 22% and 44%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“DNA content significantly decreased in stressed plants with 100 and 200 µM Cu about 22% and 44%, respectively, in Sakha 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper decreased DNA content in Sakha 2 at both doses.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Material
- Sakha 2e0
- Treatment
- 100 and 200 µM Cue0
- Outcome
- DNA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 21.6% and 34.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“DNA content significantly decreased in stressed plants with 100 and 200 µM Cu about 22% and 44%, respectively, in Sakha 1 and about 21.6% and 34.7% in Sakha 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper decreased RNA content in Sakha 1.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Material
- Sakha 1e0
- Outcome
- RNA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 20% and 29%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“RNA content also decreased by about 20% and 29%, respectively, in Sakha 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper decreased RNA content in Sakha 2.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Material
- Sakha 2e0
- Outcome
- RNA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2% and 13%e0
- Comparator
- control plante0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“RNA content also decreased by about 20% and 29%, respectively, in Sakha 1 and by about 2% and 13% in Sakha 2 compared to the control plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper stress increased ROS generation and lipid peroxidation injury.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Cu stresse0
- Outcome
- generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Cu stress accelerated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and induced cellular oxidative injury caused by lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper lowered unsaturated fatty acid levels.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Cue0
- Outcome
- unsaturated fatty acid levelse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Cu induced a change in the composition of fatty acids, resulting in lower unsaturated fatty acid levels and increased saturated fatty acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper increased saturated fatty acids.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Cue0
- Outcome
- saturated fatty acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Cu induced a change in the composition of fatty acids, resulting in lower unsaturated fatty acid levels and increased saturated fatty acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon reduced copper uptake and transport to shoots and seeds.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Si treatmente0
- Outcome
- uptake and the transport of Cu to the shoots and harvested seedse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Si treatment decreased the uptake and the transport of Cu to the shoots and harvested seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon promoted flax growth and yield attributes.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Si treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant growth, yield attributese0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Si treatment decreased the uptake and the transport of Cu to the shoots and harvested seeds and promoted plant growth, yield attributes, and antioxidant defense systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon promoted antioxidant defense systems.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Si treatmente0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense systemse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Si treatment decreased the uptake and the transport of Cu to the shoots and harvested seeds and promoted plant growth, yield attributes, and antioxidant defense systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon reduced copper accumulation, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Treatment
- Si treatmente0
- Outcome
- Cu accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of H2O2e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“Si treatment decreased the uptake and the transport of Cu to the shoots and harvested seeds and promoted plant growth, yield attributes, and antioxidant defense systems by reducing Cu accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of H2O2”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper toxicity alleviation correlated with silicon accumulation in roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse0
- Outcome
- alleviation of Cu toxicitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Flax Plants”
e0“alleviation of Cu toxicity correlated with increased Si accumulation in the roots and shoots”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · physiology: oxidative · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
copper atom · yield · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
copper atom · growth · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.