Abstract
Flax ( Linum usitatissimun ) is a promising candidate for copper (Cu) phytoextraction from agricultural soils. However, the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer driving the efficiency of Cu phytoextraction remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of different levels of N (0, 125, 250, 375 mg kg −1 soil) on flax growth and Cu uptake with Cu-contaminated soil (2137 mg kg −1 Cu) and in mixtures of Cu-contaminated soil and natural soil (1189 mg kg −1 Cu). Our results demonstrated that the application of N (250 mg kg −1 soil) alleviated Cu toxicity by increasing plant growth and biomass, including dry weight, plant height, stem length, number of pods and number of branches per plant by 153.7 %, 43.1 %, 52.2 %, and 220.8 %, respectively, compared to control. N application at Cu 0.5 N 2 significantly reduced malondialdehyde, proline, and peroxidase activity by 26 %, 66.8 %, and 60.1 %, respectively, while superoxide dismutase activity was maximally enhanced by 365.6 % under Cu 0.5 N 3 treatment. N application progressively modulated antioxidants response, indicating that N plays a protective role against Cu-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with signal transduction and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, which play key roles in N-mediated Cu detoxification. The involvement of phytohormones, including auxin (Aux1, LAX, and SAUR), gibberellic acid (DELLA), and salicylic acid (PR1, TGA), suggests that N improves heavy metals (HMs) tolerance via hormone signal transduction. Notably, N fertilization activated the expression of genes encoding peroxidase (E1.11.1.7) and respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and MAPK signaling pathways, respectively, thereby alleviating Cu-induced damage. These findings indicate that varying N levels enhance Cu accumulation while maintaining ionic balance, facilitated by the activity of key transporters such as ZIP, CTR1, and AMT. These findings provide deeper insights into the mechanisms through which N alleviates Cu phytotoxicity, laying the foundation for optimizing phytoremediation strategies. • Varying N levels influence physio-biochemical, and gene expression processes under Cu stress. • N mitigates Cu-induced growth inhibition in flax plants. • The signal transduction pathways are crucial in N-mediated alleviation of Cu toxicity. • N enhances Cu uptake by regulating key transporters.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 250 mg kg −1 soil increased flax dry weight by 153.7% relative to control.
- Taxon
- Flax
Linum usitatissimume0 - Treatment
- N (250 mg kg −1 soil)e1
- Outcome
- dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 153.7 %e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“application of N (250 mg kg −1 soil) alleviated Cu toxicity by increasing plant growth and biomass, including dry weight, plant height, stem length, number of pods and number of branches per plant by 153.7 %, 43.1 %, 52.2 %, and 220.8 %, respectively, compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 250 mg kg −1 soil increased flax plant height by 43.1% relative to control.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- N (250 mg kg −1 soil)e1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 43.1 %e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“application of N (250 mg kg −1 soil) alleviated Cu toxicity by increasing plant growth and biomass, including dry weight, plant height, stem length, number of pods and number of branches per plant by 153.7 %, 43.1 %, 52.2 %, and 220.8 %, respectively, compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 250 mg kg −1 soil increased flax stem length by 52.2% relative to control.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- N (250 mg kg −1 soil)e1
- Outcome
- stem lengthe1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 52.2 %e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“application of N (250 mg kg −1 soil) alleviated Cu toxicity by increasing plant growth and biomass, including dry weight, plant height, stem length, number of pods and number of branches per plant by 153.7 %, 43.1 %, 52.2 %, and 220.8 %, respectively, compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 250 mg kg −1 soil increased flax pod and branch number by 220.8% as reported.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- N (250 mg kg −1 soil)e1
- Outcome
- number of pods and number of branches per plante1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 220.8 %e1
- Qualifier
- respectivelye1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“application of N (250 mg kg −1 soil) alleviated Cu toxicity by increasing plant growth and biomass, including dry weight, plant height, stem length, number of pods and number of branches per plant by 153.7 %, 43.1 %, 52.2 %, and 220.8 %, respectively, compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu 0.5 N 2 nitrogen treatment reduced flax malondialdehyde by 26%.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- Cu 0.5 N 2e1
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 26 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“N application at Cu 0.5 N 2 significantly reduced malondialdehyde, proline, and peroxidase activity by 26 %, 66.8 %, and 60.1 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu 0.5 N 2 nitrogen treatment reduced flax proline by 66.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“N application at Cu 0.5 N 2 significantly reduced malondialdehyde, proline, and peroxidase activity by 26 %, 66.8 %, and 60.1 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu 0.5 N 2 nitrogen treatment reduced flax peroxidase activity by 60.1%.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- Cu 0.5 N 2e1
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 60.1 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“N application at Cu 0.5 N 2 significantly reduced malondialdehyde, proline, and peroxidase activity by 26 %, 66.8 %, and 60.1 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu 0.5 N 3 treatment maximally enhanced superoxide dismutase activity by 365.6%.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- Cu 0.5 N 3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activitye1
- Direction
- maximally enhancede1
- Value
- 365.6 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“superoxide dismutase activity was maximally enhanced by 365.6 % under Cu 0.5 N 3 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptomics identified differentially expressed genes in signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with signal transduction and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathwaye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with signal transduction and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization activated expression of genes encoding peroxidase and respiratory burst oxidase homolog.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione1
- Gene
- peroxidase (E1.11.1.7) and respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH)e1
- Outcome
- expression of genes encoding peroxidase (E1.11.1.7) and respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH)e1
- Direction
- activatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“N fertilization activated the expression of genes encoding peroxidase (E1.11.1.7) and respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and MAPK signaling pathways, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Varying nitrogen levels enhanced copper accumulation while maintaining ionic balance.
- Taxon
- FlaxLinum usitatissimume0
- Treatment
- varying N levelse1
- Gene
- ZIP, CTR1, and AMTe1
- Outcome
- Cu accumulatione1
- Direction
- enhancee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flax ( Linum usitatissimun )”
e1“varying N levels enhance Cu accumulation while maintaining ionic balance, facilitated by the activity of key transporters such as ZIP, CTR1, and AMT”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · physiology: oxidative · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
nitrogen · nutrient: content · Linum usitatissimum (flax)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.