Abstract
A field study was conducted during the spring and autumn seasons of 2014 at the experimental farm of Field Crop Department, College of Agriculture (Abo-Ghraib) - University of Baghdad, to study the effect of Irrigation deficiency quantities and concentrations of Proline acid on yield , its components, water consumptive and water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. ) for Luleo hybrid. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in arrangement of a split-plot with three replications were used. Irrigation treatments, control (depletion 50% of available water) and 60% , 50% 40% of control treatment, were assigned as a main plots. while proline acid concentrations of 0, 30, 60 and 90 mg.L-1 were assigned as a subplots. The results showed that there is no significant differences between the control treatment and 60% of the control for the period from planting to 50% flowering, number of leaves, relative water content, nitrogen concentration in leaves, fertilization percentage, number of seeds in the head,100 seed weight and seeds yield reaching 3.90, 2.46 t.ha-1 and 3.78 , 2.41 t.ha-1 for spring and autumn seasons respectively. which indicates the possibility of saving 40% of the water consumption which is estimated 1920.00, 2960.00 m3. ha-1. Season-1 for two seasons respectively without any yield reduction. While the percentage of decline in seeds yield for treatments 50% and 40% from the control treatment for spring season were 14.61% , 19.74% respectively and 21.95 % , 33.33% for autumn season comparing with control. Irrigation treatment 40%, 60% of the control treatments gave the best water use efficiency for both seasons respectively. a concentrations of Proline acid affect significantly most of studied traits. Increasing of Proline to 60mg.L-1 gave the to increase in fertilization percentage was و70.2081.% 100 seed weight7.12 و7.52 gm, seed yield 3.75, 2.21 t.ha-1 and water use efficiency 0.84 و0.29 kg seed.m-3 water comparing with control for two seasons respectively .The interaction between irrigation and Proline acid showed a significantly effect on all characteristics seeds yield components traits in both seasons. We therefore recommend that in case of limited irrigation water by %60 by the need of the full irrigation (50 % depletion of available water) without a significant decrease in product seed yield, in addition to possibility treatment of sunflower plants with Proline acid with 60 mg .L-1 to improvement capacity of water stress.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield at 60% of control irrigation did not differ significantly from the full-irrigation control.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- 60% of the controle1
- Outcome
- seeds yielde1
- Direction
- no significant differencese1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“there is no significant differences between the control treatment and 60% of the control for the period from planting to 50% flowering, number of leaves, relative water content, nitrogen concentration in leaves, fertilization percentage, number of seeds in the head,100 seed weight and seeds yield reaching 3.90, 2.46 t.ha-1 and 3.78 , 2.41 t.ha-1 for spring and autumn seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Number of leaves, relative water content and leaf nitrogen concentration at 60% of control irrigation did not differ significantly from control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 60% of the controle1
- Outcome
- number of leaves, relative water content, nitrogen concentration in leavese1
- Direction
- no significant differencese1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“there is no significant differences between the control treatment and 60% of the control for the period from planting to 50% flowering, number of leaves, relative water content, nitrogen concentration in leaves, fertilization percentage, number of seeds in the head,100 seed weight and seeds yield reaching 3.90, 2.46 t.ha-1 and 3.78 , 2.41 t.ha-1 for spring and autumn seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization percentage, seed number per head and 100-seed weight at 60% of control irrigation did not differ significantly from control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 60% of the controle1
- Outcome
- fertilization percentage, number of seeds in the head,100 seed weighte1
- Direction
- no significant differencese1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“there is no significant differences between the control treatment and 60% of the control for the period from planting to 50% flowering, number of leaves, relative water content, nitrogen concentration in leaves, fertilization percentage, number of seeds in the head,100 seed weight and seeds yield reaching 3.90, 2.46 t.ha-1 and 3.78 , 2.41 t.ha-1 for spring and autumn seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Period from planting to 50% flowering at 60% of control irrigation did not differ significantly from control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 60% of the controle1
- Outcome
- period from planting to 50% floweringe1
- Direction
- no significant differencese1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“there is no significant differences between the control treatment and 60% of the control for the period from planting to 50% flowering, number of leaves, relative water content, nitrogen concentration in leaves, fertilization percentage, number of seeds in the head,100 seed weight and seeds yield reaching 3.90, 2.46 t.ha-1 and 3.78 , 2.41 t.ha-1 for spring and autumn seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Saving 40% of irrigation water would be possible, about 1920 and 2960 m3 per ha, without yield reduction.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- water consumptione1
- Value
- 1920.00, 2960.00 m3. ha-1e1
- Qualifier
- saving 40% of the water consumptione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“which indicates the possibility of saving 40% of the water consumption which is estimated 1920.00, 2960.00 m3. ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield at 50% irrigation fell by 14.61% in spring relative to control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- treatments 50%e1
- Outcome
- seeds yielde1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Value
- 14.61%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- spring seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“the percentage of decline in seeds yield for treatments 50% and 40% from the control treatment for spring season were 14.61% , 19.74% respectively and 21.95 % , 33.33% for autumn season comparing with control”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield at 40% irrigation fell by 19.74% in spring relative to control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 40%e1
- Outcome
- seeds yielde1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Value
- 19.74%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- spring seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“the percentage of decline in seeds yield for treatments 50% and 40% from the control treatment for spring season were 14.61% , 19.74% respectively and 21.95 % , 33.33% for autumn season comparing with control”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield at 50% irrigation fell by 21.95% in autumn relative to control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 50%e1
- Outcome
- seeds yielde1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Value
- 21.95 %e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- autumn seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“the percentage of decline in seeds yield for treatments 50% and 40% from the control treatment for spring season were 14.61% , 19.74% respectively and 21.95 % , 33.33% for autumn season comparing with control”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield at 40% irrigation fell by 33.33% in autumn relative to control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 40%e1
- Outcome
- seeds yielde1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Value
- 33.33%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
- Setting
- autumn seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“the percentage of decline in seeds yield for treatments 50% and 40% from the control treatment for spring season were 14.61% , 19.74% respectively and 21.95 % , 33.33% for autumn season comparing with control”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 40% and at 60% of control gave the best water use efficiency in both seasons.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 40%, 60% of the controle1
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye1
- Direction
- beste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“Irrigation treatment 40%, 60% of the control treatments gave the best water use efficiency for both seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline acid concentration significantly affected most of the studied sunflower traits.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Proline acide1
- Outcome
- most of studied traitse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“a concentrations of Proline acid affect significantly most of studied traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline acid at 60 mg/L increased sunflower fertilization percentage compared with control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Proline to 60mg.L-1e1
- Outcome
- fertilization percentagee1
- Direction
- to increasee1
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“Increasing of Proline to 60mg.L-1 gave the to increase in fertilization percentage”
e3“comparing with control for two seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline acid at 60 mg/L increased sunflower seed yield to 3.75 and 2.21 t/ha compared with control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Proline to 60mg.L-1e1
- Outcome
- seed yielde2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 3.75, 2.21 t.ha-1e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“Increasing of Proline to 60mg.L-1 gave the to increase in fertilization percentage”
e2“seed yield 3.75, 2.21 t.ha-1”
e3“comparing with control for two seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline acid at 60 mg/L increased 100-seed weight, reported as 7.12 g.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Proline to 60mg.L-1e1
- Outcome
- 100 seed weighte4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 7.12e4
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“Increasing of Proline to 60mg.L-1 gave the to increase in fertilization percentage”
e4“100 seed weight7.12”
e3“comparing with control for two seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline acid at 60 mg/L increased water use efficiency, reported as 0.84 kg seed per m3 water.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Proline to 60mg.L-1e1
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- 0.84e5
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e1“Increasing of Proline to 60mg.L-1 gave the to increase in fertilization percentage”
e5“water use efficiency 0.84”
e3“comparing with control for two seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of irrigation and proline acid significantly affected all seed yield component traits in both seasons.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- irrigation and Proline acide6
- Outcome
- seeds yield components traitse6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e6“The interaction between irrigation and Proline acid showed a significantly effect on all characteristics seeds yield components traits in both seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Under limited irrigation, full irrigation at 50% depletion of available water avoids a significant decrease in seed yield; authors recommend it.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- product seed yielde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. )”
e7“We therefore recommend that in case of limited irrigation water by %60 by the need of the full irrigation (50 % depletion of available water) without a significant decrease in product seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Treating sunflower with proline acid at 60 mg/L is recommended to improve capacity against water stress.
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- Proline acid with 60 mg .L-1e1
- Outcome
- capacity of water stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“possibility treatment of sunflower plants with Proline acid with 60 mg .L-1 to improvement capacity of water stress”