Abstract
Post-harvest deterioration and rot caused by diverse microorganisms is the single most important factor militating against yam production in Nigeria. In an approach towards the development of ecofriendly antifungal compound in controlling yam rot, ethanol and aqueous extracts of six commonly available plants: Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Azadirachta indica, Cymbopogon citratus, Carica papaya and Citrus sinensis were tested in combination for their synergistic effect against Botryodiplodia theobromae. Four different extract concentrations (2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10%) were obtained from each extract mixture. Cold solvent extraction method was used for the extraction of plant materials while food poisoning technique was used for in vitro screening of plant extracts against rot inducing fungal organism. Botryodiplodia theobromae was tested to be pathogenic on healthy yam tubers with rot incidence of 80 mm. The synergistic effects of the combined extract varied with the plants combined, solvent of extraction, concentration of extract and test fungi. Ethanol extract showed greater effect in the inhibition of the entire organism than aqueous. All the extract combinations that had Neem as a component did better than other combinations in aqueous extracts. Inhibition of fungal growth was best observed at 7.5% and 10% extract concentrations. The highest inhibitory effect on the test organism (Botryodiplodia theobromae) was by the combination of Neem/Bitter leaf and Orange/Scent leaf, with values of 98.40±0.095% and 94.24±0.583% respectively for aqueous while the highest inhibition for ethanol extract was observed from Scent leaf/Bitter leaf and Pawpaw/Lemon, with values of 99.80±0.000% and 98.83±0.619% respectively these were significantly (P<0.05) better than other combinations. With respect to the synergistic activity between the plants materials combined in this study, all the combinations showed great synergism against the test organisms. This is likely to be a means of achieving pragmatic, effective control and prevention of food spoilage, since the development of new classes of antifungal agents is of paramount importance. The crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of all the six plant extracts showed potential synergy on organisms responsible for yam rot, hence they are recommended for the control of rot inducing microbial organisms.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Botryodiplodia theobromae was pathogenic on healthy yam tubers with rot incidence of 80 mm.
- Taxon
- yamt0
- Interactor
- Botryodiplodia theobromae
_Lasiodiplodia_theobromae_sporulating_in_fruit_lesion.jpg?width=60)
Lasiodiplodia theobromaee1pathogen - Outcome
- rot incidencee1
- Value
- 80 mme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Lasiodiplodia_theobromae_sporulating_in_fruit_lesion.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Rot”
e1“Botryodiplodia theobromae was tested to be pathogenic on healthy yam tubers with rot incidence of 80 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol extract inhibited Botryodiplodia theobromae more strongly than aqueous extract.
- Taxon
- yamt0
- Treatment
- Ethanol extracte2
- Interactor
- Botryodiplodia theobromaeLasiodiplodia theobromaet1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition of the entire organisme2
- Direction
- greater effecte2
- Comparator
- aqueouse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Rot”
t1“Botryodiplodia theobromae the Causal Organism of Yam”
e2“Ethanol extract showed greater effect in the inhibition of the entire organism than aqueous”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract combinations containing Neem did better than other combinations in aqueous extracts.
- Taxon
- yamt0
- Treatment
- extract combinations that had Neem as a componente3
- Interactor
- Botryodiplodia theobromaeLasiodiplodia theobromaet1pathogen
- Outcome
- did bettere3
- Direction
- did bettere3
- Comparator
- other combinationse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Rot”
t1“Botryodiplodia theobromae the Causal Organism of Yam”
e3“All the extract combinations that had Neem as a component did better than other combinations in aqueous extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition of fungal growth was best observed at 7.5% and 10% extract concentrations.
- Taxon
- yamt0
- Treatment
- extract concentrationse4
- Outcome
- Inhibition of fungal growthe4
- Direction
- best observede4
- Qualifier
- 7.5% and 10%e4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Rot”
e4“Inhibition of fungal growth was best observed at 7.5% and 10% extract concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The Neem/Bitter leaf combination gave the highest inhibitory effect in aqueous extract, 98.40±0.095%.
- Taxon
- yamt0
- Treatment
- combination of Neem/Bitter leafe5
- Interactor
- Botryodiplodia theobromaeLasiodiplodia theobromaet1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibitory effecte5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 98.40±0.095%e5
- Qualifier
- for aqueouse5
- Comparator
- other combinationse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Rot”
t1“Botryodiplodia theobromae the Causal Organism of Yam”
e5“The highest inhibitory effect on the test organism (Botryodiplodia theobromae) was by the combination of Neem/Bitter leaf and Orange/Scent leaf, with values of 98.40±0.095% and 94.24±0.583% respectively for aqueous”
e7“these were significantly (P<0.05) better than other combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
The Orange/Scent leaf combination gave the second highest inhibitory effect in aqueous extract, 94.24±0.583%.
- Taxon
- yamt0
- Treatment
- Orange/Scent leafe5
- Interactor
- Botryodiplodia theobromaeLasiodiplodia theobromaet1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibitory effecte5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 94.24±0.583%e5
- Qualifier
- for aqueouse5
- Comparator
- other combinationse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Rot”
t1“Botryodiplodia theobromae the Causal Organism of Yam”
e5“The highest inhibitory effect on the test organism (Botryodiplodia theobromae) was by the combination of Neem/Bitter leaf and Orange/Scent leaf, with values of 98.40±0.095% and 94.24±0.583% respectively for aqueous”
e7“these were significantly (P<0.05) better than other combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
The Scent leaf/Bitter leaf ethanol combination gave the highest inhibition, 99.80±0.000%.
- Taxon
- yamt0
- Treatment
- Scent leaf/Bitter leafe6
- Interactor
- Botryodiplodia theobromaeLasiodiplodia theobromaet1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibitione6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 99.80±0.000%e6
- Qualifier
- ethanol extracte6
- Comparator
- other combinationse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Rot”
t1“Botryodiplodia theobromae the Causal Organism of Yam”
e6“the highest inhibition for ethanol extract was observed from Scent leaf/Bitter leaf and Pawpaw/Lemon, with values of 99.80±0.000% and 98.83±0.619% respectively”
e7“these were significantly (P<0.05) better than other combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pawpaw/Lemon ethanol combination gave the second highest inhibition, 98.83±0.619%.
- Taxon
- yamt0
- Treatment
- Pawpaw/Lemone6
- Interactor
- Botryodiplodia theobromaeLasiodiplodia theobromaet1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibitione6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 98.83±0.619%e6
- Qualifier
- ethanol extracte6
- Comparator
- other combinationse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Rot”
t1“Botryodiplodia theobromae the Causal Organism of Yam”
e6“the highest inhibition for ethanol extract was observed from Scent leaf/Bitter leaf and Pawpaw/Lemon, with values of 99.80±0.000% and 98.83±0.619% respectively”
e7“these were significantly (P<0.05) better than other combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
All extract combinations showed great synergism against the test organisms.
Verbatim
t0“Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Rot”
e1“all the combinations showed great synergism against the test organisms”
Claim · model-written summary
The crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the six plants are recommended for the control of rot-inducing microbial organisms of yam.
Verbatim
t0“Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Rot”
e1“they are recommended for the control of rot inducing microbial organisms”
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