Abstract
Abstract Invasion of alien plant species (IAS) represents a serious environmental problem, particularly in Europe, where it mainly pertains to urban areas. Seed germination traits contribute to clarification of invasion dynamics. The objective of this research was to analyze how different light conditions (i.e., 12‐hr light/12‐hr darkness and continuous darkness) and temperature regimes (i.e., 15/6°C, 20/10°C and 30/20°C) trigger seed germination of Ailanthus altissima (AA), Phytolacca americana (PA) and Robinia pseudoacacia (RP). The relationship between seed germination and seed morphometric traits was also analyzed. Our findings highlight that temperature rather than light was the main environmental factor affecting germination. RP germinated at all tested temperatures, whereas at 15/6°C seeds of AA and PA showed physiological dormancy. RP had a higher germination capacity at a lower temperature, unlike AA and PA, which performed better at the highest temperatures. Light had a minor role in seed germination of the three species. Light promoted germination only for seeds of PA, and final germination percentage was 1.5‐fold higher in light than in continuous darkness. Seed morphometric traits (thickness [T], area [A] and volume [V]) had a significant role in explaining germination trait variations. The results highlight the importance of increasing our knowledge on seed germination requirements to predict future invasiveness trends. The increase in global temperature could further advantage AA and PA in terms of germinated seeds, as well as RP by enhancing the germination velocity, therefore compensating for a lower germination percentage of this species at the highest temperatures.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature was the main environmental factor affecting germination.
- Taxon
- Ailanthus altissima
.jpg?width=60)
Ailanthus altissimust0 - Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Comparator
- lighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“temperature rather than light was the main environmental factor affecting germination.”
t0“Ailanthus altissima”
Claim · model-written summary
Robinia pseudoacacia germinated at all tested temperatures.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia
Robinia pseudoacaciat0 - Outcome
- germinatede0
- Qualifier
- all tested temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RP germinated at all tested temperatures”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia”
Claim · model-written summary
Ailanthus altissima seeds showed physiological dormancy at 15/6°C.
- Taxon
- Ailanthus altissimaAilanthus altissimust0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- physiological dormancye0
- Qualifier
- 15/6°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 15/6°C seeds of AA and PA showed physiological dormancy.”
t0“Ailanthus altissima”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytolacca americana seeds showed physiological dormancy at 15/6°C.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americana
.jpg?width=60)
Phytolacca americanat0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- physiological dormancye0
- Qualifier
- 15/6°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“at 15/6°C seeds of AA and PA showed physiological dormancy.”
t0“Phytolacca americana”
Claim · model-written summary
Robinia pseudoacacia had higher germination capacity at lower temperature.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- lower temperaturee0
- Outcome
- germination capacitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RP had a higher germination capacity at a lower temperature”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia”
Claim · model-written summary
Ailanthus altissima performed better at the highest temperatures.
- Taxon
- Ailanthus altissimaAilanthus altissimust0
- Treatment
- highest temperaturese0
- Outcome
- performed bettere0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unlike AA and PA, which performed better at the highest temperatures.”
t0“Ailanthus altissima”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytolacca americana performed better at the highest temperatures.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- highest temperaturese0
- Outcome
- performed bettere0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unlike AA and PA, which performed better at the highest temperatures.”
t0“Phytolacca americana”
Claim · model-written summary
Light had a minor role in germination of the three species.
- Taxon
- Ailanthus altissimaAilanthus altissimust0
- Treatment
- Lighte0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Light had a minor role in seed germination of the three species.”
t0“Ailanthus altissima”
Claim · model-written summary
Light promoted Phytolacca americana germination.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- lighte0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- continuous darknesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Light promoted germination only for seeds of PA, and final germination percentage was 1.5‐fold higher in light than in continuous darkness.”
t0“Phytolacca americana”
Claim · model-written summary
Final germination percentage of Phytolacca americana was 1.5‐fold higher in light than darkness.
- Taxon
- Phytolacca americanaPhytolacca americanat0
- Treatment
- lighte0
- Outcome
- final germination percentagee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.5‐folde0
- Comparator
- continuous darknesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“final germination percentage was 1.5‐fold higher in light than in continuous darkness.”
t0“Phytolacca americana”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed thickness, area and volume significantly explained germination trait variation.
- Taxon
- Ailanthus altissimaAilanthus altissimust0
- Organ / stage
- Seede0
- Outcome
- germination trait variationse0
- Qualifier
- thickness [T], area [A] and volume [V]e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed morphometric traits (thickness [T], area [A] and volume [V]) had a significant role in explaining germination trait variations.”
t0“Ailanthus altissima”
The same questions in other papers
light · growth · Phytolacca americana (American pokeweed)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.