Abstract
The effect of differences in soil moisture stress, provided by the use of different soils and depths of soil, on yield and quality of carnations was investigated. A technique that would offer a better indication of when to water carnations under greenhouse conditions was also evaluated. The values of bulk density, moisture content at all suctions and total pore space of the best soils were an average of the extremes of all soils compared. Reduction of soil depth from 8 to 4 inches increased problems that result from too much or insufficient water. Yield and grade were best on plants grown in 8-inch soil. Raw field soil had a decreased yield due to an aeration problem when placed in a greenhouse bench. The effect of stress was most noticeable in the flowering of the second crop which was delayed up to 5 weeks under high stress. Indications were that some stress may be essential for production of higher grade carnations. The number of stomatal and epidermal cells per unit area increased as either solar radiation or soil moisture stress increased. Stomata on leaves from plants grown under high stress adapted to the unfavorable growing conditions by having a greater resistance to transpiration. The use of stomatal index was not beneficial in understanding stomatal distribution. A higher correlation was found between transpiration rate and stomatal aperture than transpiration rate and solar radiation. Although the lithium chloride hygrometer was easy to use, it was not sensitive enough to be used in a greenhouse as an indication of when to water. The measurement of stomatal apertures by the use of silicon rubber impressions was too laborious to be used as a practical field technique.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing soil depth from 8 to 4 inches increased problems of too much or insufficient water for carnations.
- Taxon
- carnations
Dianthus caryophyllust0 - Treatment
- Reduction of soil depth from 8 to 4 inchese1
- Outcome
- problems that result from too much or insufficient watere1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Reduction of soil depth from 8 to 4 inches increased problems that result from too much or insufficient water”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
Carnation yield and grade were best when plants were grown in 8-inch soil.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Treatment
- 8-inch soile2
- Outcome
- Yield and gradee2
- Direction
- beste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Yield and grade were best on plants grown in 8-inch soil”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
Raw field soil decreased carnation yield in a greenhouse bench because of an aeration problem.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Treatment
- Raw field soile3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Qualifier
- due to an aeration probleme3
- Setting
- greenhouse benche3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Raw field soil had a decreased yield due to an aeration problem when placed in a greenhouse bench”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
High soil moisture stress delayed the flowering of the second crop of carnations by up to 5 weeks.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Treatment
- high stresse4
- Outcome
- flowering of the second crope4
- Direction
- delayede4
- Value
- up to 5 weekse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The effect of stress was most noticeable in the flowering of the second crop which was delayed up to 5 weeks under high stress”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
Some soil moisture stress may be essential for producing higher grade carnations.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Treatment
- some stresse5
- Outcome
- production of higher grade carnationse5
- Direction
- highere5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Indications were that some stress may be essential for production of higher grade carnations”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of stomatal and epidermal cells per unit area increased as soil moisture stress increased.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Treatment
- soil moisture stresse6
- Outcome
- number of stomatal and epidermal cells per unit areae6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- solar radiatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The number of stomatal and epidermal cells per unit area increased as either solar radiation or soil moisture stress increased”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves of plants grown under high stress had greater resistance to transpiration.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese7
- Treatment
- high stresse7
- Outcome
- resistance to transpiratione7
- Direction
- greatere7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Stomata on leaves from plants grown under high stress adapted to the unfavorable growing conditions by having a greater resistance to transpiration”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
The correlation between transpiration rate and stomatal aperture was higher than that between transpiration rate and solar radiation.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Outcome
- transpiration rate and stomatal aperturee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- transpiration rate and solar radiatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A higher correlation was found between transpiration rate and stomatal aperture than transpiration rate and solar radiation”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
The lithium chloride hygrometer was not sensitive enough to indicate when to water carnations in a greenhouse.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Material
- lithium chloride hygrometere1
- Outcome
- sensitive enoughe1
- Setting
- a greenhousee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Although the lithium chloride hygrometer was easy to use, it was not sensitive enough to be used in a greenhouse as an indication of when to water”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
Measuring stomatal apertures with silicon rubber impressions was too laborious for a practical field technique.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Material
- silicon rubber impressionse1
- Outcome
- stomatal aperturese1
- Qualifier
- too laborious to be used as a practical field techniquee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The measurement of stomatal apertures by the use of silicon rubber impressions was too laborious to be used as a practical field technique”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
The stomatal index was not beneficial for understanding stomatal distribution in carnations.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Material
- stomatal indexe1
- Outcome
- stomatal distributione1
- Qualifier
- not beneficiale1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The use of stomatal index was not beneficial in understanding stomatal distribution”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulk density, moisture content at all suctions and total pore space of the best soils were an average of the extremes of all soils compared.
- Taxon
- carnationsDianthus caryophyllust0
- Outcome
- bulk density, moisture content at all suctions and total pore spacee1
- Comparator
- extremes of all soilse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The values of bulk density, moisture content at all suctions and total pore space of the best soils were an average of the extremes of all soils compared”
t0“The effect of soil moisture stress on growth and flowering of carnations”