Abstract
Cold priming, also called cold acclimation, the adaptation of plants to low, non-freezing temperatures, is an important aspect of winter survival of plants. In addition, a tightly regulated deacclimation process, i.e. the subsequent loss of freezing tolerance in spring, is necessary to combine the transition to reproductive growth with the need for maintained freezing tolerance to be prepared for recurring cold periods. The molecular and metabolic basis of cold priming has been investigated in detail, but hardly anything is known about memory of a cold event during a subsequent warm spell. We show that cold priming at 4°C followed by an intervening lag phase at 20°C improves the freezing tolerance of the Arabidopsis accessions Col-0 and N14 after the occurrence of a second cold trigger compared to the primed plants. For the identification of possible molecular determinants of this improved freezing tolerance transcripts, metabolites and lipids were investigated after priming, memory phase and triggering by Illumina-based RNA-Seq, GC-MS metabolite profiling and UPLC FT-MS-based lipidomics. Both accessions showed differences in transcript, lipid and metabolite content when comparing triggered with primed plants. Unique changes after triggering included 93 and 128 differentially expressed genes in Col-0 and N14, respectively, with an overrepresentation in functional categories such as lipid and secondary metabolism, stress, redox and cell wall related reactions in Col-0. Furthermore, in Col-0 and N14 three and six lipids showed significant differences in content. They included three arabidopsides as unique triggering responses in N14. In addition, one metabolite in N14 was identified as a unique triggering response. Possible functions of these candidates will be discussed. This is to our knowledge the first report on molecular and metabolic changes accompanying cold stress memory and triggering by a second cold stress.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Cold priming followed by a warm lag improved freezing tolerance after a second cold trigger.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Material
- Col-0 and N14e0
- Treatment
- cold priming at 4°C followed by an intervening lag phase at 20°Ce0
- Outcome
- freezing tolerancee0
- Direction
- improvese0
- Comparator
- the primed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that cold priming at 4°C followed by an intervening lag phase at 20°C improves the freezing tolerance of the Arabidopsis accessions Col-0 and N14 after the occurrence of a second cold trigger compared to the primed plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both accessions differed in transcript, lipid and metabolite content after triggering versus priming.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- Col-0 and N14e0
- Outcome
- transcript, lipid and metabolite contente1
- Direction
- differencese1
- Comparator
- primed plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis accessions Col-0 and N14”
e1“Both accessions showed differences in transcript, lipid and metabolite content when comparing triggered with primed plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Col-0 had 93 uniquely differentially expressed genes after triggering.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- Col-0e2
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese2
- Value
- 93e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis accessions Col-0 and N14”
e2“Unique changes after triggering included 93 and 128 differentially expressed genes in Col-0 and N14, respectively, with an overrepresentation in functional categories such as lipid and secondary metabolism, stress, redox and cell wall related reactions in Col-0.”
Claim · model-written summary
N14 had 128 uniquely differentially expressed genes after triggering.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- N14e2
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese2
- Value
- 128e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis accessions Col-0 and N14”
e2“Unique changes after triggering included 93 and 128 differentially expressed genes in Col-0 and N14, respectively, with an overrepresentation in functional categories such as lipid and secondary metabolism, stress, redox and cell wall related reactions in Col-0.”
Claim · model-written summary
Col-0 differentially expressed genes overrepresented lipid, secondary metabolism, stress, redox and cell wall categories.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- Col-0e2
- Outcome
- functional categories such as lipid and secondary metabolism, stress, redox and cell wall related reactionse2
- Direction
- overrepresentatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis accessions Col-0 and N14”
e2“with an overrepresentation in functional categories such as lipid and secondary metabolism, stress, redox and cell wall related reactions in Col-0.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three lipids differed significantly in Col-0.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- Col-0e3
- Outcome
- lipids showed significant differences in contente3
- Direction
- differencese3
- Value
- threee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis accessions Col-0 and N14”
e3“in Col-0 and N14 three and six lipids showed significant differences in content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Six lipids differed significantly in N14.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- N14e3
- Outcome
- lipids showed significant differences in contente3
- Direction
- differencese3
- Value
- sixe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis accessions Col-0 and N14”
e3“in Col-0 and N14 three and six lipids showed significant differences in content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three arabidopsides were unique triggering responses in N14.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- N14e4
- Outcome
- arabidopsides as unique triggering responsese4
- Value
- threee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis accessions Col-0 and N14”
e4“They included three arabidopsides as unique triggering responses in N14.”
Claim · model-written summary
One metabolite was a unique triggering response in N14.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- N14e5
- Outcome
- metabolite in N14 was identified as a unique triggering responsee5
- Value
- onee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis accessions Col-0 and N14”
e5“one metabolite in N14 was identified as a unique triggering response.”
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