Abstract
Abstract Background Water shortage can limit plant growth, which can be ameliorated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis through physiological and metabolic regulations. Deciphering which physiological and metabolic processes are central for AM-mediated regulations is essential for applications of mycorrhizal biotechnology in dryland agriculture. Methodology In this study, the influence of AM symbiosis on growth performance, photosynthesis, and organ accumulation of key C and N metabolites were assessed by growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01) under different water regimes in greenhouse. Results Drought stress reduced shoot growth, while AM symbiosis significantly improved growth performances, with significant changes of photochemical processes and organ concentration of the key metabolites. AM symbiosis increased root levels of the metabolites in ornithine cycle and unsaturation of fatty acids regardless of water conditions. Root putrescine (Put) concentration was higher in AM than non-inoculated (NM) plants under well-watered conditions; the conversion of Put via diamine oxidase to γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) occurred in roots of AM plants under drought stress. Leaf concentration of Put, the tricarboxylic acids, and soluble sugars significantly increased in AM plants under drought stress, showing higher values compared to that of NM plants. Moreover, photosystem II efficiency and chlorophyll concentration were higher in AM than NM plants regardless of water status. Conclusion Fatty acid- and ornithine cycle-related metabolites along with soluble sugars, Put, and GABA were the key metabolites of AM-mediated regulations in response to drought stress.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress reduced maize shoot growth.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings”
e1“Drought stress reduced shoot growth”
Claim · model-written summary
AM symbiosis significantly improved maize growth performance.
- Treatment
- inoculated with or without AM funguse0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01
Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont - Outcome
- growth performancese1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- without AM funguse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“AM symbiosis significantly improved growth performances”
Claim · model-written summary
AM symbiosis changed maize photochemical processes and metabolite concentrations.
- Treatment
- inoculated with or without AM funguse0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- photochemical processes and organ concentration of the key metabolitese1
- Comparator
- without AM funguse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“with significant changes of photochemical processes and organ concentration of the key metabolites”
Claim · model-written summary
AM symbiosis increased maize root ornithine-cycle metabolites.
- Treatment
- AM symbiosise1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- root levels of the metabolites in ornithine cyclee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- without AM funguse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“AM symbiosis increased root levels of the metabolites in ornithine cycle and unsaturation of fatty acids regardless of water conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
AM symbiosis increased fatty-acid unsaturation in maize roots regardless of water regime.
- Treatment
- AM symbiosise1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- unsaturation of fatty acidse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- without AM funguse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“AM symbiosis increased root levels of the metabolites in ornithine cycle and unsaturation of fatty acids regardless of water conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered AM maize had higher root putrescine than noninoculated maize.
- Treatment
- AMe1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- Root putrescine (Put) concentratione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- well-watered conditionse1
- Comparator
- non-inoculated (NM) plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“Root putrescine (Put) concentration was higher in AM than non-inoculated (NM) plants under well-watered conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
In drought-stressed AM maize roots, putrescine was converted to GABA through diamine oxidase.
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Gene
- diamine oxidasee1
- Compound
- Pute1
- Outcome
- conversion of Put via diamine oxidase to γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“the conversion of Put via diamine oxidase to γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) occurred in roots of AM plants under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-stressed AM maize had significantly higher leaf putrescine than noninoculated maize.
- Treatment
- AM plantse1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- Leaf concentration of Pute1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- NM plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“Leaf concentration of Put, the tricarboxylic acids, and soluble sugars significantly increased in AM plants under drought stress, showing higher values compared to that of NM plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-stressed AM maize had significantly higher leaf tricarboxylic acids than noninoculated maize.
- Treatment
- AM plantse1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- the tricarboxylic acidse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- NM plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“Leaf concentration of Put, the tricarboxylic acids, and soluble sugars significantly increased in AM plants under drought stress, showing higher values compared to that of NM plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-stressed AM maize had significantly higher leaf soluble sugars than noninoculated maize.
- Treatment
- AM plantse1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- NM plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“Leaf concentration of Put, the tricarboxylic acids, and soluble sugars significantly increased in AM plants under drought stress, showing higher values compared to that of NM plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosystem II efficiency was higher in AM than noninoculated maize regardless of water regime.
- Treatment
- AMe1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosystem II efficiencye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- NM plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“photosystem II efficiency and chlorophyll concentration were higher in AM than NM plants regardless of water status”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll concentration was higher in AM than noninoculated maize regardless of water regime.
- Treatment
- AMe1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- NM plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing maize (Mo17, Lancaster Sure Crop) seedlings inoculated with or without AM fungus ( Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck & Smith BGC AH01)”
e1“photosystem II efficiency and chlorophyll concentration were higher in AM than NM plants regardless of water status”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Rhizophagus irregularis · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →mycorrhiza · Rhizophagus irregularis · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →drought · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
307 papers in the same direction as this paper · 77 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
381 papers more in this group
See all 385 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.