Abstract
BACKGROUND: Chloropicrin (PIC) mixtures of 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin (DD:PIC), dazomet, and metam sodium (MS) have been applied as chemical alternatives to methyl bromide (MB) in Spanish strawberry nurseries since MB was banned as a soil fumigant in 2005. These chemical alternatives were applied to soil in two Spanish strawberry nurseries between 2003 and 2017 to test their efficacy against the main crown and root disease and soil fungal populations in comparison with the use of MB and PIC (MB:PIC). These chemicals were applied at several doses with different application methods under plastic films. Crown and root disease incidence was calculated as the percentage of plants with symptoms caused by soil-borne pathogens. Soil fungal populations were estimated as colony forming units per gram of dry soil. RESULTS: All chemicals significantly reduced soil-borne fungal disease incidence and fungal population in both nurseries over the years. Phytophthora cactorum and Fusarium spp. were the main pathogens causing soil-borne diseases, followed by Verticillium spp. MB:PIC remained the treatment that best controlled P. cactorum. MS and DD:PIC controlled Fusarium disease to a lesser extent than MB:PIC and dazomet in both nurseries. MB:PIC and PIC were the two treatments that most reduced Verticillium spp. The population of Verticillium spp. declined and the presence of other species such as Colletotrichum spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. was minimal during the study. CONCLUSION: Chemicals are necessary to obtain healthy strawberry plants. The use of chemical alternatives to MB has resulted in changes in the incidence of soil-borne diseases and soil fungal populations in strawberry nurseries. Dazomet was an effective alternative to MB as a soil-borne disease control, except against Verticillium spp. MB alternatives in strawberry nursery soils have caused Fusarium spp. to displace Verticillium spp.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
All tested chemicals significantly reduced fungal disease incidence and fungal populations.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- All chemicalse0
- Outcome
- soil-borne fungal disease incidence and fungal populatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“All chemicals significantly reduced soil-borne fungal disease incidence and fungal population in both nurseries over the years.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytophthora cactorum and Fusarium spp. were the main soil-borne pathogens.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cactorume0pathogen - Outcome
- soil-borne diseasese0
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora cactorum and Fusarium spp. were the main pathogens causing soil-borne diseases”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:PIC best controlled P. cactorum.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:PICe0
- Interactor
- P. cactorumPhytophthora cactorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- P. cactorume0
- Direction
- best controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MB:PIC remained the treatment that best controlled P. cactorum.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
MS controlled Fusarium disease less than MB:PIC and dazomet.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MSe0
- Outcome
- Fusarium diseasee0
- Direction
- lesser extente0
- Comparator
- MB:PIC and dazomete0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MS and DD:PIC controlled Fusarium disease to a lesser extent than MB:PIC and dazomet in both nurseries.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
DD:PIC controlled Fusarium disease less than MB:PIC and dazomet.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- DD:PICe0
- Outcome
- Fusarium diseasee0
- Direction
- lesser extente0
- Comparator
- MB:PIC and dazomete0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MS and DD:PIC controlled Fusarium disease to a lesser extent than MB:PIC and dazomet in both nurseries.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
MB:PIC most reduced Verticillium spp.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- MB:PICe0
- Interactor
- Verticillium spp.Verticilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Verticillium spp.e0
- Direction
- most reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MB:PIC and PIC were the two treatments that most reduced Verticillium spp.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
PIC most reduced Verticillium spp.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- PICe0
- Interactor
- Verticillium spp.Verticilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Verticillium spp.e0
- Direction
- most reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MB:PIC and PIC were the two treatments that most reduced Verticillium spp.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Verticillium spp. populations declined during the study.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Verticillium spp.Verticilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- population of Verticillium spp.e0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The population of Verticillium spp. declined”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Colletotrichum spp. presence was minimal.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum spp.
Colletotrichume0pathogen - Outcome
- presence of other speciese0
- Direction
- minimale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the presence of other species such as Colletotrichum spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. was minimal during the study.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizoctonia spp. presence was minimal.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia spp.
.jpg?width=60)
Rhizoctoniae0pathogen - Outcome
- presence of other speciese0
- Direction
- minimale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the presence of other species such as Colletotrichum spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. was minimal during the study.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Dazomet was effective except against Verticillium spp.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Dazomete0
- Interactor
- Verticillium spp.Verticilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- soil-borne disease controle0
- Qualifier
- except against Verticillium spp.e0
- Comparator
- MBe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dazomet was an effective alternative to MB as a soil-borne disease control, except against Verticillium spp.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
MB alternatives caused Fusarium spp. to displace Verticillium spp.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- MB alternativese0
- Second interactor
- Verticillium spp.Verticilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Fusarium spp. to displace Verticillium spp.e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MB alternatives in strawberry nursery soils have caused Fusarium spp. to displace Verticillium spp.”
The same questions in other papers
bromomethane · Phytophthora cactorum · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.