Abstract
While many aspects of the growth of maize are well understood, the role of cell wall feruloylation particularly during internode elongation has not been firmly established, but results so far indicate that it has significant implications for both biofuel feedstock conversion and for crop yield. The growth of the cell wall is achieved by synthesis, integration and cross-linking between wall polymers. As ferulate oxidative coupling of arabinoxylan side chains constitutes a significant type of cross-link in grass cell walls, it is expected to have a crucial role in plant growth. Making use of plants expressing an apoplast targeted Aspergillus niger FAEA under the control of either a constitutive or an inducible promoter, the role of cell wall feruloylation in maize internode expansion was investigated. Analysis of FAEA expressing plants showed that where FAEA was targeted to the apoplast under a constitutive promoter, plants varied in stature either from semi-dwarf plants with a 40-60% height reduction, to extreme dwarf mutants with over 90% reduction in plant heights compared to controls. Results indicate that disruption of cell wall feruloylation by FAEA occurs before the start of rapid internode expansion is initiated and affects the normal course of internode elongation, resulting in short internodes and dwarfed plants. In contrast, when under the inducible Lm See1 senescence promoter, FAEA activity was found to be low up to the VT stage of development but increased significantly at the VR stage as plants began to senesce, strongly suggesting that normal cell wall feruloylation is required for the process of internode expansion. In addition, with apoplast targeted expression of FAEA under control of the senescence enhanced promoter it was possible to demonstrate decreased cell wall feruloylation without affecting internode expansion or other aspects of plant development.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Constitutive apoplast FAEA expression produced semi-dwarf plants with 40–60% height reduction versus controls.
- Material
- semi-dwarf plantse0
- Treatment
- FAEA was targeted to the apoplast under a constitutive promotere0
- Gene
- FAEAe0
- Outcome
- height reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 40-60%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“where FAEA was targeted to the apoplast under a constitutive promoter, plants varied in stature either from semi-dwarf plants with a 40-60% height reduction, to extreme dwarf mutants with over 90% reduction in plant heights compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Constitutive apoplast FAEA expression produced extreme dwarf mutants with over 90% reduced plant height versus controls.
- Material
- extreme dwarf mutantse0
- Treatment
- FAEA was targeted to the apoplast under a constitutive promotere0
- Gene
- FAEAe0
- Outcome
- plant heightse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- over 90%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“where FAEA was targeted to the apoplast under a constitutive promoter, plants varied in stature either from semi-dwarf plants with a 40-60% height reduction, to extreme dwarf mutants with over 90% reduction in plant heights compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
FAEA disrupted cell wall feruloylation before rapid internode expansion.
- Gene
- FAEAe0
- Outcome
- disruption of cell wall feruloylatione0
- Qualifier
- before the start of rapid internode expansione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“disruption of cell wall feruloylation by FAEA occurs before the start of rapid internode expansion is initiated”
Claim · model-written summary
FAEA disruption of feruloylation affected internode elongation, yielding short internodes and dwarf plants.
- Gene
- FAEAe0
- Outcome
- short internodes and dwarfed plantse0
- Qualifier
- disruption of cell wall feruloylatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“disruption of cell wall feruloylation by FAEA occurs before the start of rapid internode expansion is initiated and affects the normal course of internode elongation, resulting in short internodes and dwarfed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under the inducible Lm See1 senescence promoter, FAEA activity was low through VT stage.
- Organ / stage
- VT stage of developmente0
- Treatment
- inducible Lm See1 senescence promotere0
- Gene
- FAEAe0
- Outcome
- FAEA activitye0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“when under the inducible Lm See1 senescence promoter, FAEA activity was found to be low up to the VT stage of development but increased significantly at the VR stage as plants began to senesce”
Claim · model-written summary
Under the inducible Lm See1 senescence promoter, FAEA activity increased significantly at VR during senescence.
- Organ / stage
- VR stagee0
- Treatment
- inducible Lm See1 senescence promotere0
- Gene
- FAEAe0
- Outcome
- FAEA activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“when under the inducible Lm See1 senescence promoter, FAEA activity was found to be low up to the VT stage of development but increased significantly at the VR stage as plants began to senesce”
Claim · model-written summary
Normal wall feruloylation was inferred to be required for internode expansion.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“strongly suggesting that normal cell wall feruloylation is required for the process of internode expansion”
Claim · model-written summary
Senescence promoter driven apoplast FAEA decreased cell wall feruloylation.
- Treatment
- apoplast targeted expression of FAEA under control of the senescence enhanced promotere0
- Gene
- FAEAe0
- Outcome
- cell wall feruloylatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“with apoplast targeted expression of FAEA under control of the senescence enhanced promoter it was possible to demonstrate decreased cell wall feruloylation without affecting internode expansion or other aspects of plant development”
Claim · model-written summary
Senescence promoter driven apoplast FAEA left internode expansion and other development unaffected.
- Treatment
- apoplast targeted expression of FAEA under control of the senescence enhanced promotere0
- Gene
- FAEAe0
- Outcome
- internode expansion or other aspects of plant developmente0
- Direction
- without affectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“with apoplast targeted expression of FAEA under control of the senescence enhanced promoter it was possible to demonstrate decreased cell wall feruloylation without affecting internode expansion or other aspects of plant development”
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