Abstract
Seed treatment with fungicides has been regarded as a principal, effective, and economic technique for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] against pathogenic microorganisms during seed germination and seedling growth. Investigation of the characteristics of seed-treatment reagents is an indispensable basis for their application. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the use of pyraclostrobin as an ingredient for soybean seed treatment by investigating its accumulation–dissipation kinetics in plants, plant-growth activation, and protection against Phytophthora sojae. The results showed that the pyraclostrobin stimulated the visible growth (root and shoot length) of soybean plants, increased the chlorophyll level and root activity, and lowered the malonaldehyde (MDA) level. The peak level and bioavailability of pyraclostrobin in soybean roots were 19.9- and 33.2-fold those in leaves, respectively, indicating that pyraclostrobin was mainly accumulated in roots. Pyraclostrobin had a continuous positive effect on the flavonoid levels and the phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activity in roots and leaves, which could enhance the plant defense system. Pyraclostrobin showed in vitro toxicity to P. sojae with a half-inhibition concentration (EC50) of 1.59 and 1.24 μg/mL for pyraclostrobin and pyraclostrobin plus salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, an inhibitor of the alternative pathway of respiration), respectively. Seed treatment with pyraclostrobin significantly reduced the severity of Phytophthora root rot, with a control efficacy of 60.7%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the characteristics of pyraclostrobin used in soybean seed treatment and its efficacy against Phytophthora root rot.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin stimulated the visible growth of soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- pyraclostrobine1
- Outcome
- visible growthe1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
- Qualifier
- root and shoot lengthe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic technique for soybean”
e1“The results showed that the pyraclostrobin stimulated the visible growth (root and shoot length) of soybean plants, increased the chlorophyll level and root activity, and lowered the malonaldehyde (MDA) level”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin increased chlorophyll level and root activity in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- pyraclostrobine1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll level and root activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic technique for soybean”
e1“The results showed that the pyraclostrobin stimulated the visible growth (root and shoot length) of soybean plants, increased the chlorophyll level and root activity, and lowered the malonaldehyde (MDA) level”
e2“increased the chlorophyll level and root activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin lowered the malonaldehyde (MDA) level in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- pyraclostrobine1
- Outcome
- malonaldehyde (MDA) levele3
- Direction
- lowerede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic technique for soybean”
e1“The results showed that the pyraclostrobin stimulated the visible growth (root and shoot length) of soybean plants, increased the chlorophyll level and root activity, and lowered the malonaldehyde (MDA) level”
e3“lowered the malonaldehyde (MDA) level”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin had a continuous positive effect on flavonoid levels and PAL activity in soybean roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese4
- Treatment
- Pyraclostrobine4
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL)e4
- Outcome
- flavonoid levels and the phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activitye4
- Direction
- positive effecte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic technique for soybean”
e4“Pyraclostrobin had a continuous positive effect on the flavonoid levels and the phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activity in roots and leaves, which could enhance the plant defense system”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin could enhance the defence system of soybean through flavonoids.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Compound
- flavonoide4
- Outcome
- plant defense systeme4
- Qualifier
- could enhancee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic technique for soybean”
e4“Pyraclostrobin had a continuous positive effect on the flavonoid levels and the phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activity in roots and leaves, which could enhance the plant defense system”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin peak level and bioavailability in soybean roots were 19.9- and 33.2-fold those in leaves, mainly accumulating in roots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Treatment
- pyraclostrobine5
- Outcome
- peak level and bioavailabilitye5
- Direction
- higherinferrede5
- Value
- 19.9- and 33.2-folde5
- Comparator
- leavese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic technique for soybean”
e5“The peak level and bioavailability of pyraclostrobin in soybean roots were 19.9- and 33.2-fold those in leaves, respectively, indicating that pyraclostrobin was mainly accumulated in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin showed in vitro toxicity to Phytophthora sojae with an EC50 of 1.59 μg/mL.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- pyraclostrobine6
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee6pathogen
- Outcome
- half-inhibition concentration (EC50)e6
- Value
- 1.59e6
- Qualifier
- μg/mLe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic technique for soybean”
e6“Pyraclostrobin showed in vitro toxicity to P. sojae with a half-inhibition concentration (EC50) of 1.59 and 1.24 μg/mL for pyraclostrobin and pyraclostrobin plus salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, an inhibitor of the alternative pathway of respiration), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin plus SHAM showed in vitro toxicity to Phytophthora sojae with an EC50 of 1.24 μg/mL.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- pyraclostrobin plus salicylhydroxamic acide6
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee6pathogen
- Outcome
- half-inhibition concentration (EC50)e6
- Value
- 1.24e6
- Qualifier
- μg/mLe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic technique for soybean”
e6“Pyraclostrobin showed in vitro toxicity to P. sojae with a half-inhibition concentration (EC50) of 1.59 and 1.24 μg/mL for pyraclostrobin and pyraclostrobin plus salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, an inhibitor of the alternative pathway of respiration), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with pyraclostrobin significantly reduced the severity of Phytophthora root rot in soybean, with a control efficacy of 60.7%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with pyraclostrobine7
- Interactor
- Phytophthora
Phytophthorae7pathogen - Outcome
- severity of Phytophthora root rote7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 60.7%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic technique for soybean”
e7“Seed treatment with pyraclostrobin significantly reduced the severity of Phytophthora root rot, with a control efficacy of 60.7%”
The same questions in other papers
pyraclostrobin · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →seed treatment · Phytophthora · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.