Abstract
To assess the impact of tembotrione on weed growth, yield and economics of maize (cv. KH 101), field trials were conducted during the kharif season of 2014 and 2015 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur. Tembotrione 100, 125 and 150 g ha−1, each applied at 20 and 30 days after sowing (DAS) of maize, tembotrione 125 and 150 g ha−1 + surfactant applied on 20 DAS of maize, atrazine 1000 g ha−1 (pre) fb atrazine 750 g ha−1 (post) and atrazine 1000 g ha−1 + pendimethalin 1000 g ha−1 (pre) were compared to manual weeding (20, 40 and 60 DAS) and weedy check. Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS) effectively reduced the dry weight of Echinochloa colona, Commelina benghalensis, Polygonum alatum, Ageratum conyzoides and the combined of all weeds. Tembotrione 125 and 150 g ha−1 + surfactant (20 DAS) produced significantly higher grain yield of maize followed by tembotrione 150 g ha−1 applied on 30 DAS, tembotrione 125 g ha−1 applied on 30 DAS and tembotrione 150 g ha−1 applied on 20 DAS. Grain yield of maize negatively correlated with dry weight of Echinochloa, Commelina, Polygonum, Ageratum and the combined of all weeds. With every 1 g m−2 increase in weed dry weight, the grain yield of maize reduced by 33.7 kg ha−1. The economic threshold levels with the herbicidal management practices varied between 5.1–9.3 g m−2 and that with manual weeding 46–50.8 g m−2. Tembotrione 150 g ha−1 + surfactant and tembotrione 125 g ha−1 + surfactant applied on 20 DAS and tembotrione 150 g ha−1 applied on 30 DAS gave higher weed control efficiency, crop resistance index and efficiency index and lowest weed index over other treatments. Herbicidal treatments had only 0.131–0.201 times of application cost than that under manual weeding thrice. Herbicidal treatments resulted in 9.7–13.3 times higher marginal benefit: cost ratio over hand weeding thrice. Uninterrupted growth of weeds reduced the grain yield of maize by 63.5%.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Tembotrione at 125 and 150 g/ha with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g/ha without surfactant (30 DAS) reduced Echinochloa colona dry weight in maize.
- Treatment
- Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS)e2
- Interactor
- Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa colonae2weed - Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- weedy checke1
- Setting
- Palampure0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e0“field trials were conducted during the kharif season of 2014 and 2015 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur”
e1“compared to manual weeding (20, 40 and 60 DAS) and weedy check”
e2“Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS) effectively reduced the dry weight of Echinochloa colona, Commelina benghalensis, Polygonum alatum, Ageratum conyzoides and the combined of all weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Tembotrione at 125 and 150 g/ha with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g/ha without surfactant (30 DAS) reduced Commelina benghalensis dry weight in maize.
- Treatment
- Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS)e2
- Interactor
- Commelina benghalensis
Commelina benghalensise2weed - Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- weedy checke1
- Setting
- Palampure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e0“field trials were conducted during the kharif season of 2014 and 2015 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur”
e1“compared to manual weeding (20, 40 and 60 DAS) and weedy check”
e2“Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS) effectively reduced the dry weight of Echinochloa colona, Commelina benghalensis, Polygonum alatum, Ageratum conyzoides and the combined of all weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Tembotrione at 125 and 150 g/ha with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g/ha without surfactant (30 DAS) reduced Polygonum alatum dry weight in maize.
- Treatment
- Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS)e2
- Interactor
- Polygonum alatum
.jpg?width=60)
Persicaria nepalensise2weed - Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- weedy checke1
- Setting
- Palampure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e0“field trials were conducted during the kharif season of 2014 and 2015 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur”
e1“compared to manual weeding (20, 40 and 60 DAS) and weedy check”
e2“Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS) effectively reduced the dry weight of Echinochloa colona, Commelina benghalensis, Polygonum alatum, Ageratum conyzoides and the combined of all weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Tembotrione at 125 and 150 g/ha with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g/ha without surfactant (30 DAS) reduced Ageratum conyzoides dry weight in maize.
- Treatment
- Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS)e2
- Interactor
- Ageratum conyzoides
Ageratum conyzoidese2weed - Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- weedy checke1
- Setting
- Palampure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e0“field trials were conducted during the kharif season of 2014 and 2015 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur”
e1“compared to manual weeding (20, 40 and 60 DAS) and weedy check”
e2“Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS) effectively reduced the dry weight of Echinochloa colona, Commelina benghalensis, Polygonum alatum, Ageratum conyzoides and the combined of all weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Tembotrione at 125 and 150 g/ha with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g/ha without surfactant (30 DAS) reduced the combined dry weight of all weeds in maize.
- Treatment
- Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS)e2
- Interactor
- all weedse2weed
- Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- weedy checke1
- Setting
- Palampure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e0“field trials were conducted during the kharif season of 2014 and 2015 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur”
e1“compared to manual weeding (20, 40 and 60 DAS) and weedy check”
e2“Application of tembotrione at 125 and 150 g ha−1 with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g ha−1 without surfactant (30 DAS) effectively reduced the dry weight of Echinochloa colona, Commelina benghalensis, Polygonum alatum, Ageratum conyzoides and the combined of all weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Tembotrione at 125 and 150 g/ha with surfactant applied at 20 DAS produced significantly higher maize grain yield.
- Treatment
- Tembotrione 125 and 150 g ha−1 + surfactant (20 DAS)e3
- Outcome
- grain yield of maizee3
- Direction
- significantly highere3
- Qualifier
- followed by tembotrione 150 g ha−1 applied on 30 DASe3
- Setting
- Palampure0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e0“field trials were conducted during the kharif season of 2014 and 2015 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur”
e3“Tembotrione 125 and 150 g ha−1 + surfactant (20 DAS) produced significantly higher grain yield of maize followed by tembotrione 150 g ha−1 applied on 30 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Each 1 g/m2 increase in weed dry weight was associated with a 33.7 kg/ha reduction in maize grain yield.
- Interactor
- weede4weed
- Outcome
- grain yield of maizee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 33.7 kg ha−1e4
- Qualifier
- With every 1 g m−2 increasee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e4“With every 1 g m−2 increase in weed dry weight, the grain yield of maize reduced by 33.7 kg ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize grain yield was negatively correlated with dry weight of the weed species and of all weeds combined.
- Interactor
- Echinochloa
Echinochloae5weed - Outcome
- grain yield of maizee5
- Direction
- negatively correlatede5
- Qualifier
- Commelina, Polygonum, Ageratum and the combined of all weedse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e5“Grain yield of maize negatively correlated with dry weight of Echinochloa, Commelina, Polygonum, Ageratum and the combined of all weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Economic threshold level with herbicidal management was 5.1–9.3 g/m2 weed dry weight.
- Outcome
- economic threshold levelse6
- Value
- 5.1–9.3 g m−2e6
- Qualifier
- with the herbicidal management practicese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e6“The economic threshold levels with the herbicidal management practices varied between 5.1–9.3 g m−2 and that with manual weeding 46–50.8 g m−2”
Claim · model-written summary
Economic threshold level with manual weeding was 46–50.8 g/m2 weed dry weight.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e6“The economic threshold levels with the herbicidal management practices varied between 5.1–9.3 g m−2 and that with manual weeding 46–50.8 g m−2”
Claim · model-written summary
Tembotrione at 125 and 150 g/ha with surfactant (20 DAS) and at 150 g/ha (30 DAS) gave higher weed control efficiency, crop resistance index and efficiency index than other treatments.
- Treatment
- Tembotrione 150 g ha−1 + surfactant and tembotrione 125 g ha−1 + surfactant applied on 20 DAS and tembotrione 150 g ha−1 applied on 30 DASe7
- Outcome
- weed control efficiency, crop resistance index and efficiency indexe7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- other treatmentse7
- Setting
- Palampure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e0“field trials were conducted during the kharif season of 2014 and 2015 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur”
e7“Tembotrione 150 g ha−1 + surfactant and tembotrione 125 g ha−1 + surfactant applied on 20 DAS and tembotrione 150 g ha−1 applied on 30 DAS gave higher weed control efficiency, crop resistance index and efficiency index and lowest weed index over other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The same tembotrione treatments gave the lowest weed index compared with other treatments.
- Treatment
- Tembotrione 150 g ha−1 + surfactant and tembotrione 125 g ha−1 + surfactant applied on 20 DAS and tembotrione 150 g ha−1 applied on 30 DASe7
- Outcome
- weed indexe7
- Direction
- loweste7
- Comparator
- other treatmentse7
- Setting
- Palampure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e0“field trials were conducted during the kharif season of 2014 and 2015 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur”
e7“Tembotrione 150 g ha−1 + surfactant and tembotrione 125 g ha−1 + surfactant applied on 20 DAS and tembotrione 150 g ha−1 applied on 30 DAS gave higher weed control efficiency, crop resistance index and efficiency index and lowest weed index over other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicidal treatments had 0.131–0.201 times the application cost of manual weeding thrice.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e5“Herbicidal treatments had only 0.131–0.201 times of application cost than that under manual weeding thrice”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicidal treatments gave 9.7–13.3 times higher marginal benefit:cost ratio than hand weeding thrice.
- Outcome
- marginal benefit: cost ratioe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 9.7–13.3 timese6
- Comparator
- hand weeding thricee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e6“Herbicidal treatments resulted in 9.7–13.3 times higher marginal benefit: cost ratio over hand weeding thrice”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninterrupted weed growth reduced maize grain yield by 63.5%.
- Treatment
- Uninterrupted growth of weedse7
- Interactor
- weedse7weed
- Outcome
- grain yield of maizee7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 63.5%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Impact of Tembotrione on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh”
e7“Uninterrupted growth of weeds reduced the grain yield of maize by 63.5%”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.