Abstract
ABSTRACT Drought, and rising water and pumping costs dictate that continued production of corn ( Zea mays L.) will be limited in future years if effective water conservation strategies are not established. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes in conjunction with surfactant treatments on field corn grain yield (GY), total dry matter (TDM) production, and irrigation water use efficiencies (IWUE) based on GY and TDM in a distinct Mediterranean climate, at Spadra Ranch in Pomona, CA, for 2 yr (2008 and 2009). The field experiment was set up in a split plot design with four replications where irrigation regimes (I 40 : 40%, I 60 : 60%, I 80 : 80%, and I 100 : 100% of the estimated evapotranspiration) was the main plot and application of surfactant (water treated with surfactant and no surfactant application) was assigned to the subplot. The results showed a stepwise reduction in TDM and GY in treatments both with and without surfactant as water deficit increased. However, surfactant application at any irrigation level resulted in higher GY and TDM compared to no‐surfactant treatments. Irrigation water use efficiency based on TDM and GY was the highest in I 40 and the lowest in full irrigation (I 100 ) conditions. By application of surfactant in irrigation water, both IWUE and GY increased. Surfactant application increased irrigation costs by 4.7%; however, it increased profit by 19.75%. Economic evaluation showed that the grain yield increment could compensate surfactant price and consequently the same profit achieved with applying 40% less water plus surfactant compared with 100% crop evapotranspiration with no surfactant application. In a Mediterranean climate and under limited irrigation conditions, corn could be cultivated with acceptable yields by application of surfactant.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Total dry matter declined stepwise as water deficit increased.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- water deficite0
- Outcome
- TDMe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed a stepwise reduction in TDM and GY in treatments both with and without surfactant as water deficit increased.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield declined stepwise as water deficit increased.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- water deficite0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed a stepwise reduction in TDM and GY in treatments both with and without surfactant as water deficit increased.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactant raised grain yield at every irrigation level.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- surfactant applicatione0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- no‐surfactant treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surfactant application at any irrigation level resulted in higher GY and TDM compared to no‐surfactant treatments.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactant raised total dry matter at every irrigation level.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- surfactant applicatione0
- Outcome
- TDMe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- no‐surfactant treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surfactant application at any irrigation level resulted in higher GY and TDM compared to no‐surfactant treatments.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation water use efficiency based on total dry matter was highest at I 40 and lowest at full irrigation.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Irrigation water use efficiency based on TDMe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- full irrigation (I 100 )e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation water use efficiency based on TDM and GY was the highest in I 40 and the lowest in full irrigation (I 100 ) conditions.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation water use efficiency based on grain yield was highest at I 40 and lowest at full irrigation.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Irrigation water use efficiency based on TDM and GYe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- full irrigation (I 100 )e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation water use efficiency based on TDM and GY was the highest in I 40 and the lowest in full irrigation (I 100 ) conditions.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactant increased irrigation water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- surfactante0
- Outcome
- IWUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By application of surfactant in irrigation water, both IWUE and GY increased.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactant increased grain yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- surfactante0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By application of surfactant in irrigation water, both IWUE and GY increased.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactant increased irrigation costs by 4.7%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Surfactant applicatione0
- Outcome
- irrigation costse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surfactant application increased irrigation costs by 4.7%; however, it increased profit by 19.75%.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactant increased profit by 19.75%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Surfactant applicatione0
- Outcome
- profite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surfactant application increased irrigation costs by 4.7%; however, it increased profit by 19.75%.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactant with 40% less water achieved the same profit as full evapotranspiration without surfactant.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 40% less water plus surfactante0
- Outcome
- same profite0
- Direction
- samee0
- Value
- 40% less watere0
- Comparator
- 100% crop evapotranspiration with no surfactant applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same profit achieved with applying 40% less water plus surfactant compared with 100% crop evapotranspiration with no surfactant application.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude corn can be grown with acceptable yields under limited irrigation by using surfactant.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- cultivated with acceptable yields by application of surfactante0
- Setting
- Mediterranean climatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a Mediterranean climate and under limited irrigation conditions, corn could be cultivated with acceptable yields by application of surfactant.”
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