Abstract
Rainfall regimes are expected to shift on a regional scale as the water cycle intensifies in a warmer climate, resulting in greater extremes in dry versus wet conditions. Such changes are having a strong impact on the agro-physiological functioning of plants that scale up to influence interactions between plants and microorganisms and hence ecosystems. In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles. In the current study, we implemeted an adapted management program to improve date palm development and its tolerance to water deficit by using single or multiple combinations of exotic and native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF1 and AMF2 respectively), and/or selected consortia of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR: B1 and B2), and/or composts from grasses and green waste (C1 and C2, respectively). We analyzed the potential for physiological functioning (photosynthesis, water status, osmolytes, mineral nutrition) to evolve in response to drought since this will be a key indicator of plant resilience in future environments. As result, under water deficit, the selected biofertilizers enhanced plant growth, leaf water content, and electrical conductivity parameters. Further, the dual-inoculation of AMF/PGPR amended with composts alone or in combination boosted the biomass under water deficit conditions to a greater extent than in non-inoculated and/or non-amended plants. Both single and dual biofertilizers improved physiological parameters by elevating stomatal conductance, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids content), and photosynthetic efficiency. The dual inoculation and compost significantly enhanced, especially under drought stress, the concentrations of sugar and protein content, and antioxidant enzymes (polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase) activities as a defense strategy as compared with controls. Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions. We summarize the extent to which the dual and multiple combinations of microorganisms can overcome challenges related to drought by enhancing plant physiological responses.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, selected biofertilizers enhanced plant growth, leaf water content and electrical conductivity parameters.
- Taxon
- date palm
Phoenix dactyliferae0 - Treatment
- selected biofertilizerse1
- Outcome
- plant growth, leaf water content, and electrical conductivity parameterse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- under water deficite1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e1“As result, under water deficit, the selected biofertilizers enhanced plant growth, leaf water content, and electrical conductivity parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation with AMF/PGPR amended with composts boosted biomass under water deficit more than non-inoculated or non-amended plants.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- dual-inoculation of AMF/PGPR amended with compostse2
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe2symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse2
- Direction
- boostede2
- Qualifier
- under water deficit conditionse2
- Comparator
- non-inoculated and/or non-amended plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e2“Further, the dual-inoculation of AMF/PGPR amended with composts alone or in combination boosted the biomass under water deficit conditions to a greater extent than in non-inoculated and/or non-amended plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Single and dual biofertilizers elevated stomatal conductance, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic efficiency in date palm.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- Both single and dual biofertilizerse3
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids content), and photosynthetic efficiencye3
- Direction
- elevatinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e3“Both single and dual biofertilizers improved physiological parameters by elevating stomatal conductance, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids content), and photosynthetic efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation and compost significantly increased sugar and protein content in date palm, especially under drought stress.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- The dual inoculation and composte4
- Outcome
- concentrations of sugar and protein contente4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Qualifier
- especially under drought stresse4
- Comparator
- controlse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e4“The dual inoculation and compost significantly enhanced, especially under drought stress, the concentrations of sugar and protein content, and antioxidant enzymes (polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase) activities as a defense strategy as compared with controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation and compost significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase) in date palm as a defense strategy.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- The dual inoculation and composte4
- Gene
- polyphenoloxidase and peroxidasee4
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes (polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase) activitiese4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Qualifier
- as a defense strategye4
- Comparator
- controlse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e4“The dual inoculation and compost significantly enhanced, especially under drought stress, the concentrations of sugar and protein content, and antioxidant enzymes (polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase) activities as a defense strategy as compared with controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, the AMF2 treatment improved phosphorus in leaves by 807% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Treatment
- AMF2e5
- Interactor
- AMF2e5symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphoruse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 807%e5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e5“Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, the AMF1+B2 treatment improved phosphorus in leaves by 657% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Treatment
- AMF1+B2e5
- Interactor
- AMF1e5symbiont
- Second interactor
- B2e5symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphoruse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 657%e5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e5“Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, the AMF2+C1+B2 treatment improved phosphorus in leaves by 500% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Treatment
- AMF2+C1+B2e5
- Interactor
- AMF2e5symbiont
- Second interactor
- B2e5symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphoruse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 500%e5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e5“Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, the AMF2+C2 treatment improved phosphorus in leaves by 478% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Treatment
- AMF2+C2e5
- Interactor
- AMF2e5symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphoruse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 478%e5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e5“Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, the AMF1 treatment improved phosphorus in leaves by 423% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Treatment
- AMF1e5
- Interactor
- AMF1e5symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphoruse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 423%e5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e5“Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, the AMF2 treatment improved phosphorus in soil by 397% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- AMF2e5
- Interactor
- AMF2e5symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphoruse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 397%e5
- Qualifier
- soile5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e5“Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, the AMF1+B2 treatment improved phosphorus in soil by 322% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- AMF1+B2e5
- Interactor
- AMF1e5symbiont
- Second interactor
- B2e5symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphoruse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 322%e5
- Qualifier
- soile5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e5“Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, the AMF2+C1+B2 treatment improved phosphorus in soil by 303% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- AMF2+C1+B2e5
- Interactor
- AMF2e5symbiont
- Second interactor
- B2e5symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphoruse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 303%e5
- Qualifier
- soile5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e5“Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, the AMF1 treatment improved phosphorus in soil by 190% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- AMF1e5
- Interactor
- AMF1e5symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphoruse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 190%e5
- Qualifier
- soile5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e5“Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, the C1 treatment improved phosphorus in soil by 188% relative to controls.
- Taxon
- date palmPhoenix dactyliferae0
- Treatment
- C1e5
- Outcome
- phosphoruse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 188%e5
- Qualifier
- soile5
- Comparator
- controlse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (semi)-arid ecosystems, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) -an irreplaceable tree- plays important socio-economic roles”
e5“Under water stress, we demonstrated that phosphorus was improved in the inoculated and amended plants alone or in combination in leaves (AMF2: 807%, AMF1+B2: 657%, AMF2+C1+B2: 500%, AMF2+C2: 478%, AMF1: 423%) and soil (AMF2: 397%, AMF1+B2: 322%, AMF2+C1+B2: 303%, AMF1: 190%, C1: 188%) in comparison with controls under severe water stress conditions”
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