Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is among the most economically important legumes that provide more than 1/4 of food (for man) and animal feed. However, its yield is comparatively low, most especially under drought stress. The aim of this study therefore was to assess the ability of Rhizobium spp. and mycorrhizal fungi to enhance the yield, seed size and fatty acid content of soybean grown under semi-arid environment. Rhizobium sp. strain R1 was found to possess nitrogen-fixing gene coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase function while Rhizobium cellulosilyticum strain R3 was found to have nitrogen-fixing genes cysteine desulfurase SufS and cysteine desulfurase IscS activity. Soybean (Glycine max L) seeds inoculated with Rhizobium spp. and mycorrhizal fungi were cultivated in soil exposed to drought stress. Rhizobium spp. inoculation and mycorrhization alleviate drought stress and increase yield, size and fat content of soybean seeds. This increase in the aboveground parameters was accompanied with an increase in belowground mycorrhizal spore number, percentage root mycorrhization and aboveground shoot relative water content (RWC) in the dually inoculated (R1 + R3MY) soybean plants. In particular, the dually inoculated (R1 + R3MY) soybean plants revealed 34.3 g fresh weight, 15.1 g dry weight and soybean plants singly inoculated with Rhizobium sp. strain R1 (R1) produced more large seeds with 12.03 g dry weight. The non-inoculated (control) seeds contained a higher percentage of moisture content compared to the microbially amended seeds while seeds co-inoculated with Rhizobium cellulosilyticum strain R3 and mycorrhizal consortium revealed the highest percent (8.4 %) of fat. Several fatty acids that are of significant health benefits to humans were observed in the soybean seeds. In order to gain insights into the bacterial communities of rhizospheric soil collected at different stages of soybean growth, class-based Heat-map analysis was performed on the Miseq sequenced data. The core bacteria that were found in the rhizospheric soil were Verrumicrobia, Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Deinococcus thermus and Nitrospira suggesting that the rhizobia and fungi used in this study can also improve soil microbial diversity.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium strain R1 possessed a nitrogen fixing gene function.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Interactor
- Rhizobium sp. strain R1
Rhizobium sp.e0symbiont - Gene
- coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenasee0
- Outcome
- nitrogen-fixing gene coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase functione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobium sp. strain R1 was found to possess nitrogen-fixing gene coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase function”
t0“soybean seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium strain R3 had nitrogen fixing cysteine desulfurase genes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium cellulosilyticum strain R3Aliirhizobium cellulosilyticume0symbiont
- Gene
- cysteine desulfurase SufS and cysteine desulfurase IscSe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen-fixing genes cysteine desulfurase SufS and cysteine desulfurase IscS activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobium cellulosilyticum strain R3 was found to have nitrogen-fixing genes cysteine desulfurase SufS and cysteine desulfurase IscS activity”
t0“soybean seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobial inoculation alleviated drought and increased soybean seed yield, size, and fat content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium spp. inoculatione0
- Outcome
- yield, size and fat content of soybean seedse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobium spp. inoculation and mycorrhization alleviate drought stress and increase yield, size and fat content of soybean seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhization alleviated drought and increased soybean seed yield, size, and fat content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizatione0
- Outcome
- yield, size and fat content of soybean seedse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobium spp. inoculation and mycorrhization alleviate drought stress and increase yield, size and fat content of soybean seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation increased mycorrhizal spore number, root mycorrhization, and shoot water content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- dually inoculated (R1 + R3MY)e0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal spore number, percentage root mycorrhization and aboveground shoot relative water contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This increase in the aboveground parameters was accompanied with an increase in belowground mycorrhizal spore number, percentage root mycorrhization and aboveground shoot relative water content (RWC) in the dually inoculated (R1 + R3MY) soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculated soybean plants had 34.3 g fresh weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- dually inoculated (R1 + R3MY)e0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Value
- 34.3 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dually inoculated (R1 + R3MY) soybean plants revealed 34.3 g fresh weight, 15.1 g dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculated soybean plants had 15.1 g dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- dually inoculated (R1 + R3MY)e0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Value
- 15.1 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dually inoculated (R1 + R3MY) soybean plants revealed 34.3 g fresh weight, 15.1 g dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
R1 singly inoculated soybean produced more large seeds with 12.03 g dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- singly inoculated with Rhizobium sp. strain R1e0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium sp. strain R1Rhizobium sp.e0symbiont
- Outcome
- large seedse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 12.03 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean plants singly inoculated with Rhizobium sp. strain R1 (R1) produced more large seeds with 12.03 g dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Control seeds had higher moisture content than inoculated seeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- moisture contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- microbially amended seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The non-inoculated (control) seeds contained a higher percentage of moisture content compared to the microbially amended seeds”
t0“soybean seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds co-inoculated with R3 and mycorrhizal consortium had the highest fat content at 8.4%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with Rhizobium cellulosilyticum strain R3 and mycorrhizal consortiume0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium cellulosilyticum strain R3Aliirhizobium cellulosilyticume0symbiont
- Second interactor
- mycorrhizal consortiume0symbiont
- Outcome
- fate0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.4 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds co-inoculated with Rhizobium cellulosilyticum strain R3 and mycorrhizal consortium revealed the highest percent (8.4 %) of fat”
t0“soybean seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple fatty acids were observed in soybean seeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- Several fatty acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Several fatty acids that are of significant health benefits to humans were observed in the soybean seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The soybean rhizosphere contained a diverse set of bacterial taxa.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- rhizospheric soile0
- Outcome
- core bacteriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The core bacteria that were found in the rhizospheric soil were Verrumicrobia, Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Deinococcus thermus and Nitrospira”
t0“soybean seeds”
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