Abstract
Blackberries are a rich source of bio-chemicals such as anthocyanins and polyphenolic antioxidants. The evaluation of the extent of variation among wild genetic resources can provide useful information for the establishment of effective conservation strategies and future breeding programs. In this study, variations and inter-relationship of berry weight, total phenol (TP), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid (AA), anthocyanin and antioxidant activity were estimated in their values among 57 accessions belonging to 4 different Rubus spp. native to Iran. The experiments were performed during two consecutive years (2014 and 2015). Combine analysis showed that there is no significant difference between the data of 2 years in all measured traits. High or very high levels of variations were detected in berry weight (0.14-1.30 g), antioxidant activity (40.21-88.08%), anthocyanin (80.74-145.09 mg/100 g), TSS (7.9-17.8 °Brix), TA (0.36-0.83%) and AA (9.56-20.92 mg/100 g). This is while TP showed very low levels of variation (109.5-129.1 mg/100 g). Correlation analysis showed that antioxidant activity correlated highly and positively with all of the measured characteristics including ascorbic acid (r = 0.927), anthocyanin (r = 0.752), total phenol (r = 0.681), TSS (r = 0.473) and berry weight (r = 0.541) except for TA. Cluster analysis based on all measured characteristics showed a partial differentiation between the accessions based on their species and, to lesser extent, according to their origin within the main clusters. Based on the bi-plot of the first two PCAs, genotypes and traits classified into four quadrants. This grouping was in agreement with that of cluster analysis, considering the fact that almost all of accessions in quadrants II and III (with a few exceptions) were same to those in the first clade of cluster analysis and the genotypes grouped in quadrants I and IV, represents the accessions of clade 2 in cluster analysis. The projection of the traits vectors in PCA were also fully in accordance to that of correlation analysis in almost all of studied traits. Results showed that a rich source of variations is available considering berry weight, fruit bio-chemical and antioxidant activity in the Iranian wild Rubus species, which needs immediate conservation and worth to be utilized in commercial breeding programs.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Measured traits did not differ significantly between years.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“there is no significant difference between the data of 2 years in all measured traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Berry weight varied from 0.14 to 1.30 g.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“berry weight (0.14-1.30 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity varied from 40.21 to 88.08%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant activity (40.21-88.08%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin varied from 80.74 to 145.09 mg/100 g.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“anthocyanin (80.74-145.09 mg/100 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble solids varied from 7.9 to 17.8 °Brix.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“TSS (7.9-17.8 °Brix)”
Claim · model-written summary
Titratable acidity varied from 0.36 to 0.83%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“TA (0.36-0.83%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid varied from 9.56 to 20.92 mg/100 g.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“AA (9.56-20.92 mg/100 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenol showed little variation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“TP showed very low levels of variation (109.5-129.1 mg/100 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity correlated positively with ascorbic acid.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant activity correlated highly and positively with all of the measured characteristics including ascorbic acid (r = 0.927)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity correlated positively with anthocyanin.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant activity correlated highly and positively with all of the measured characteristics including ascorbic acid (r = 0.927), anthocyanin (r = 0.752)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity correlated positively with total phenol.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant activity correlated highly and positively with all of the measured characteristics including ascorbic acid (r = 0.927), anthocyanin (r = 0.752), total phenol (r = 0.681)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity correlated positively with TSS.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant activity correlated highly and positively with all of the measured characteristics including ascorbic acid (r = 0.927), anthocyanin (r = 0.752), total phenol (r = 0.681), TSS (r = 0.473)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity correlated positively with berry weight.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant activity correlated highly and positively with all of the measured characteristics including ascorbic acid (r = 0.927), anthocyanin (r = 0.752), total phenol (r = 0.681), TSS (r = 0.473) and berry weight (r = 0.541)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity was not reported to correlate positively with TA.
- Compound
- TAe0
Not reportedTaxonOutcomeDirection
Verbatim
e0“except for TA”
Claim · model-written summary
Clustering partially differentiated accessions by species and origin.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“partial differentiation between the accessions based on their species and, to lesser extent, according to their origin within the main clusters”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA classified genotypes and traits into four quadrants.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“genotypes and traits classified into four quadrants”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA grouping agreed with cluster analysis.
- Outcome
- in agreemente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“This grouping was in agreement with that of cluster analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA trait vectors agreed with correlation analysis.
- Outcome
- fully in accordancee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The projection of the traits vectors in PCA were also fully in accordance to that of correlation analysis in almost all of studied traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend conservation and breeding use of wild Rubus variation.
- Outcome
- immediate conservation and worth to be utilized in commercial breeding programse0
RubusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iranian wild Rubus species, which needs immediate conservation and worth to be utilized in commercial breeding programs”