Abstract
Abstract This research aims to assess ornamental shrubs Ribes aureum, R. sanguineum and Staphylea pinnata as an early food source for urban bees. In a two-year study, the abundance and flowering pattern, nectar and pollen production, and spectrum of urban insect visitors were investigated in Lublin, SE Poland. The apiarian value of S. pinnata was studied for the first time. The studied species exhibited abundant and extended flowering, skewed inflorescence flowering pattern, and persistent flowers and inflorescences. They bloomed from late March to late May and could be considered as valuable early foraging resources for urban bees, despite the substantial differences between the species. The highest mean sugar yield and pollen yield · plant −1 (92.9 g and 44.0 g, respectively) was estimated for S. pinnata whereas the lowest ones were found in R. sanguineum (4.3 g and 1.8 g, respectively). Hymenopterans were the principal flower visitors in the studied species accounting for more than 79% of all visits.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The studied shrub species had abundant and extended flowering and persistent flowers and inflorescences.
Verbatim
t0“Ornamental Shrubs Ribes Aureum, Ribes Sanguineum and Staphylea Pinnata”
e0“The studied species exhibited abundant and extended flowering, skewed inflorescence flowering pattern, and persistent flowers and inflorescences”
Claim · model-written summary
The shrubs bloomed from late March to late May.
Verbatim
t0“Ornamental Shrubs Ribes Aureum, Ribes Sanguineum and Staphylea Pinnata”
e0“They bloomed from late March to late May”
Claim · model-written summary
Staphylea pinnata had the highest mean sugar yield, 92.9 g per plant.
- Taxon
- Staphylea pinnata
Staphylea pinnatat0 - Outcome
- mean sugar yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 92.9 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Staphylea pinnata”
e0“The highest mean sugar yield and pollen yield · plant −1 (92.9 g and 44.0 g, respectively) was estimated for S. pinnata”
Claim · model-written summary
Staphylea pinnata had the highest mean pollen yield, 44.0 g per plant.
- Taxon
- Staphylea pinnataStaphylea pinnatat0
- Outcome
- pollen yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 44.0 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Staphylea pinnata”
e0“The highest mean sugar yield and pollen yield · plant −1 (92.9 g and 44.0 g, respectively) was estimated for S. pinnata”
Claim · model-written summary
Ribes sanguineum had the lowest mean sugar yield, 4.3 g per plant.
- Taxon
- Ribes Sanguineum
Ribes sanguineumt0 - Outcome
- lowest onese0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 4.3 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ribes Sanguineum”
e0“the lowest ones were found in R. sanguineum (4.3 g and 1.8 g, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ribes sanguineum had the lowest mean pollen yield, 1.8 g per plant.
- Taxon
- Ribes SanguineumRibes sanguineumt0
- Outcome
- lowest onese0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1.8 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ribes Sanguineum”
e0“the lowest ones were found in R. sanguineum (4.3 g and 1.8 g, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hymenopterans made more than 79% of flower visits to the studied shrubs.
- Taxon
- Ornamental Shrubst0
- Interactor
- HymenopteransHymenopterae0pollinator
- Outcome
- flower visitorse0
- Value
- more than 79%e0
Verbatim
t0“Ornamental Shrubs Ribes Aureum, Ribes Sanguineum and Staphylea Pinnata”
e0“Hymenopterans were the principal flower visitors in the studied species accounting for more than 79% of all visits”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered the shrubs valuable early foraging resources for urban bees.
Verbatim
t0“Ornamental Shrubs Ribes Aureum, Ribes Sanguineum and Staphylea Pinnata”
e0“could be considered as valuable early foraging resources for urban bees”