Abstract
In the context of sustainable tropical agriculture, an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping system can promotes plant diversity, improves agronomic performance and land-use efficiency, and increases the yield of oversown black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to silage in succession. Thus, during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, four treatments of a corn to silage production system were implemented in summer/autumn with black oat oversown in winter/spring: (1) corn intercropped with palisade grass ( Urochloa brizantha “Marandu”) and black oat overseeded in lines; (2) corn intercropped with palisade grass and black oat overseeded in a broadcast system with superficial incorporation; (3) corn intercropped with palisade grass + pigeon pea [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and black oat overseeded in lines; and (4) corn intercropped with palisade grass + pigeon pea and black oat overseeded in a broadcast system with superficial incorporation. During winter/spring, the black oat pastures were grazed by lambs, but results on forage allowance and nutritive value for animal grazing and on animal performance are not reported in the present manuscript. In the fourth growing season, the effect of soybean to silage intercropped with guinea grass ( Panicum maximum “Aruana”), with only a residual effect of the four production systems from the previous three growing seasons, was evaluated. Despite greater interspecific competition of palisade grass and pigeon pea intercropped with corn, this more complex system produced better results. Thus, when analyzing this system as a whole, the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in lines was the most effective option for silage production and for the improvement of other elements of system productivity, such higher surface mulch quantity, leaf nutrient concentrations, and yield of soybean to silage intercropped with guinea grass. This intercrop also generated better nutrient cycling because an increased quantity of nutrients was retained in standing plant residue and surface mulch, which resulted in better land- and nutrient-use efficiency, with an emphasis on nitrogen and potassium.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The triple intercrop with oversown black oat in lines was the most effective option for silage production.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in linese1
- Outcome
- silage productione1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
- Setting
- Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazile5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in lines was the most effective option for silage production and for the improvement of other elements of system productivity, such higher surface mulch quantity, leaf nutrient concentrations, and yield of soybean to silage intercropped with guinea grass”
e5“during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
The triple intercrop had higher surface mulch quantity and leaf nutrient concentrations.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in linese1
- Outcome
- surface mulch quantity, leaf nutrient concentrationse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Setting
- Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazile5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in lines was the most effective option for silage production and for the improvement of other elements of system productivity, such higher surface mulch quantity, leaf nutrient concentrations, and yield of soybean to silage intercropped with guinea grass”
e5“during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
The triple intercrop had higher yield of soybean to silage when intercropped with guinea grass.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in linese1
- Outcome
- yield of soybean to silagee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- intercropped with guinea grasse1
- Setting
- Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazile5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in lines was the most effective option for silage production and for the improvement of other elements of system productivity, such higher surface mulch quantity, leaf nutrient concentrations, and yield of soybean to silage intercropped with guinea grass”
e5“during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
The triple intercrop increased the quantity of nutrients retained in standing plant residue and surface mulch.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse4
- Treatment
- the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in linese1
- Outcome
- quantity of nutrients was retained in standing plant residue and surface mulche2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazile5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“This intercrop also generated better nutrient cycling because an increased quantity of nutrients was retained in standing plant residue and surface mulch, which resulted in better land- and nutrient-use efficiency, with an emphasis on nitrogen and potassium”
e1“the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in lines was the most effective option for silage production and for the improvement of other elements of system productivity, such higher surface mulch quantity, leaf nutrient concentrations, and yield of soybean to silage intercropped with guinea grass”
e4“an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping system can promotes plant diversity, improves agronomic performance and land-use efficiency, and increases the yield of oversown black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to silage in succession”
e5“during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
The triple intercrop improved land- and nutrient-use efficiency, with an emphasis on nitrogen and potassium.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse4
- Treatment
- the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in linese1
- Outcome
- land- and nutrient-use efficiencye2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Qualifier
- with an emphasis on nitrogen and potassiume2
- Setting
- Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazile5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“This intercrop also generated better nutrient cycling because an increased quantity of nutrients was retained in standing plant residue and surface mulch, which resulted in better land- and nutrient-use efficiency, with an emphasis on nitrogen and potassium”
e1“the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in lines was the most effective option for silage production and for the improvement of other elements of system productivity, such higher surface mulch quantity, leaf nutrient concentrations, and yield of soybean to silage intercropped with guinea grass”
e4“an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping system can promotes plant diversity, improves agronomic performance and land-use efficiency, and increases the yield of oversown black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to silage in succession”
e5“during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
The more complex triple intercrop produced better results despite greater interspecific competition.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- this more complex systeme3
- Outcome
- better resultse3
- Direction
- bettere3
- Qualifier
- Despite greater interspecific competition of palisade grass and pigeon pea intercropped with corne3
- Setting
- Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazile5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Despite greater interspecific competition of palisade grass and pigeon pea intercropped with corn, this more complex system produced better results”
e5“during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
The intercropping system promotes plant diversity.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse4
- Treatment
- an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping systeme4
- Outcome
- plant diversitye4
- Direction
- promotese4
- Setting
- Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazile5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping system can promotes plant diversity, improves agronomic performance and land-use efficiency, and increases the yield of oversown black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to silage in succession”
e5“during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
The intercropping system improves agronomic performance.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse4
- Treatment
- an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping systeme4
- Outcome
- agronomic performancee4
- Direction
- improvese4
- Setting
- Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazile5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping system can promotes plant diversity, improves agronomic performance and land-use efficiency, and increases the yield of oversown black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to silage in succession”
e5“during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
The intercropping system increases the yield of oversown black oat.
- Taxon
- black oat
Avena strigosae4 - Treatment
- an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping systeme4
- Outcome
- yield of oversown black oate4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Setting
- Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazile5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping system can promotes plant diversity, improves agronomic performance and land-use efficiency, and increases the yield of oversown black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to silage in succession”
e5“during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil”
Claim · model-written summary
The intercropping system increases the yield of soybean to silage in succession.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe4
- Treatment
- an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping systeme4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Qualifier
- to silage in successione4
- Setting
- Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazile5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“an innovative corn ( Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping system can promotes plant diversity, improves agronomic performance and land-use efficiency, and increases the yield of oversown black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to silage in succession”
e5“during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil”
The same questions in other papers
Zea mays subsp. mays · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
66 papers more in this group
See all 70 papers →Zea mays subsp. mays · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
195 papers in the same direction as this paper · 85 in the opposite direction · 11 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
288 papers more in this group
See all 292 papers →Avena strigosa · nutrient: content · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Urochloa brizantha · nutrient: efficiency · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
Zea mays subsp. mays · yield · Avena strigosa (black oat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
Zea mays subsp. mays · ecology: diversity · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
Avena strigosa · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
Urochloa brizantha · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →8 of 25 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.