Abstract
Plant systemic resistance induced by natural product is an alternative technique of disease management. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) usually used as abiotic elicitor to improve the plant immunity against different pathogens. This work aimed to explore the efficiency of three riboflavin concentrations (0.5, 2.5, and 5 mM) to enhance resistance toward Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in tomato plants. Our results showed that exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavin, 5 days before virus challenge was the most effective concentration, which provided a reduction in disease incidence and disease severity by 80% and 75%, respectively. Furthermore, obtained results were confirmed by using DAS-ELISA test, which showed that concentration 2.5 mM of riboflavin decreased the virus concentrations by 46.4% in treated- inoculated plants. It was remarked that exogenous application of 2.5 mM riboflavin showed a positive effect on some plant growth parameters either in presence or absence of TMV challenge. The plant height and number of leaves per plant were significantly improved in treated- inoculated plants about 30% and in compared to the infected control 78%. In time course investigation, 2.5mM riboflavin treatment reduced the virus symptoms particularly at 9th day, where after the symptoms become evident. In addition, expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and pathogenesis-related protein (PR10), which are the markers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), were rapidly increased in inoculated-treated tomato from 1-3 days after treatment. Moreover, the results of the biochemical changes analysis revealed that, the levels of the defense markers including peroxidase (PO), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were increased four days after of treatment and reached maximum levels at 8 days in the treated- inoculated plants. In conclusion, it could be suggesting that riboflavin exerted a great influence on TMV disease, as indicated by reduction of disease symptoms as well as enhancement of biochemical changes in plant defense against infection with TMV.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous 2.5 mM riboflavin applied 5 days before TMV challenge was the most effective of the three tested concentrations in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavine1
- Interactor
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen - Outcome
- most effective concentratione1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to enhance resistance toward Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in tomato plants”
e1“exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavin, 5 days before virus challenge was the most effective concentration, which provided a reduction in disease incidence and disease severity by 80% and 75%”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin at 2.5 mM reduced disease incidence in TMV-challenged tomato by 80%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavine1
- Interactor
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 80%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to enhance resistance toward Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in tomato plants”
e1“exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavin, 5 days before virus challenge was the most effective concentration, which provided a reduction in disease incidence and disease severity by 80% and 75%”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin at 2.5 mM reduced disease severity in TMV-challenged tomato by 75%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavine1
- Interactor
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 75%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to enhance resistance toward Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in tomato plants”
e1“exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavin, 5 days before virus challenge was the most effective concentration, which provided a reduction in disease incidence and disease severity by 80% and 75%”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin at 2.5 mM decreased virus concentration in treated-inoculated tomato by 46.4%, measured by DAS-ELISA.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- concentration 2.5 mM of riboflavine2
- Interactor
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- virus concentrationse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 46.4%e2
- Qualifier
- DAS-ELISA teste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to enhance resistance toward Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in tomato plants”
e2“DAS-ELISA test, which showed that concentration 2.5 mM of riboflavin decreased the virus concentrations by 46.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin significantly improved plant height and leaf number in treated-inoculated tomato by about 30%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavine1
- Interactor
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant height and number of leaves per plante3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- about 30%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to enhance resistance toward Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in tomato plants”
e1“exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavin, 5 days before virus challenge was the most effective concentration, which provided a reduction in disease incidence and disease severity by 80% and 75%”
e3“The plant height and number of leaves per plant were significantly improved in treated- inoculated plants about 30% and in compared to the infected control 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin-treated tomato plants that were inoculated with TMV had plant height and leaf number improved by 78% relative to infected controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavine1
- Interactor
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant height and number of leaves per plante3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 78%e3
- Comparator
- infected controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to enhance resistance toward Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in tomato plants”
e1“exogenous application of 2.5mM riboflavin, 5 days before virus challenge was the most effective concentration, which provided a reduction in disease incidence and disease severity by 80% and 75%”
e3“The plant height and number of leaves per plant were significantly improved in treated- inoculated plants about 30% and in compared to the infected control 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
2.5 mM riboflavin treatment reduced virus symptoms in tomato, particularly at day 9.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 2.5mM riboflavin treatmente4
- Interactor
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- virus symptomse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- particularly at 9th daye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to enhance resistance toward Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in tomato plants”
e4“2.5mM riboflavin treatment reduced the virus symptoms particularly at 9th day”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin-treated, inoculated tomato rapidly increased expression of PAL and PR10 from 1 to 3 days after treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Treatment
- inoculated-treatede5
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and pathogenesis-related protein (PR10)e5
- Outcome
- expressione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- from 1-3 days after treatmente5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and pathogenesis-related protein (PR10), which are the markers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), were rapidly increased in inoculated-treated tomato from 1-3 days after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase levels in treated-inoculated tomato increased four days after treatment and peaked at 8 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- treated- inoculated plantse6
- Gene
- peroxidase (PO), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)e6
- Outcome
- the levels of the defense markerse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- reached maximum levels at 8 dayse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to enhance resistance toward Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in tomato plants”
e6“the levels of the defense markers including peroxidase (PO), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were increased four days after of treatment and reached maximum levels at 8 days in the treated- inoculated plants”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
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- no effect
- no effect
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See all 58 papers →inoculation · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
135 papers in the same direction as this paper · 128 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
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See all 266 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.