Abstract
• Our work demonstrates a stable system for the induction of in vitro flowering in P. auriculata . • We found that in vitro flowering in P. auriculata could be obtained by adjusting only light and temperature and it did not require hormone induction. • We found that in vitro flowering in P. auriculata also presented dimorphism, and the morphs could be quickly identified in the bottle. • Compared with flowers grown in the ground, in vitro flowering in P. auriculata also had unique ornamental value, which could be indoor furnishings. Plumbago auriculata Lam., a typical distylous plant, undergoes heteromorphic self-incompatibility (HetSI). The use of in vitro flowering allows the early identification of a plant's style morphology, and this process can be used to increase the efficiency of the breeding process and expedite research on the flowering mechanisms of P. auriculata . Here, we used seeds of P. auriculata as explants; obtained plantlets; and assessed the effects of temperature, thermoperiod, photoperiod, and light intensity on the in vitro flowering of the plants. The optimum temperature treatment was a diurnal alternation of 35 °C for 12 h and 25 °C for 12 h. Under these conditions, flower bud formation occurred within approximately 33 d, and the flowering percentage was as high as 91%. A photoperiod of 16 h and a light intensity of 200 µmol m −2 s −1 also promoted in vitro flowering. Under these conditions, flower buds formed within approximately 33 d, and the flowering percentage was approximately 90%. However, relatively long photoperiods and high light intensity suppressed flower bud development, reduced flowering, and shortened flower lifespan. The in vitro flowers had a lighter colour and smaller petals than did the in vivo flowers, although their floral structures (including their reproductive structures) were intact. This work demonstrates a stable system for the induction of in vitro flowering in P. auriculata and describes suitable temperature (35 °C/25 °C) and light (16 h photoperiod and 200 µmol m −2 s −1 ) conditions for rapid in vitro flowering. This system allows the efficient identification of long and short P. auriculata morphs and allows the formulation of a reasonable cultivation plan. The methods described here provide technical support for the development, utilization, and rapid propagation of excellent new P. auriculata varieties.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Changing light and temperature induced in vitro flowering without hormone induction.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculata
Plumbago auriculatat0 - Treatment
- adjusting only light and temperaturee0
- Outcome
- in vitro floweringe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in vitro flowering in P. auriculata could be obtained by adjusting only light and temperature and it did not require hormone induction”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro flowers displayed dimorphism and morphs could be identified in the bottle.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Outcome
- presented dimorphism, and the morphs could be quickly identified in the bottlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in vitro flowering in P. auriculata also presented dimorphism, and the morphs could be quickly identified in the bottle”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro flowers had unique ornamental value versus ground-grown flowers.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Outcome
- unique ornamental valuee0
- Comparator
- flowers grown in the grounde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with flowers grown in the ground, in vitro flowering in P. auriculata also had unique ornamental value”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
A 35 °C and 25 °C diurnal alternation was the optimum temperature treatment.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Treatment
- a diurnal alternation of 35 °C for 12 h and 25 °C for 12 he0
- Outcome
- optimum temperature treatmente0
- Direction
- optimume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimum temperature treatment was a diurnal alternation of 35 °C for 12 h and 25 °C for 12 h”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alternating 35 °C and 25 °C, flower buds formed in approximately 33 d.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Treatment
- a diurnal alternation of 35 °C for 12 h and 25 °C for 12 he1
- Outcome
- flower bud formatione0
- Value
- approximately 33 de0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under these conditions, flower bud formation occurred within approximately 33 d”
e1“a diurnal alternation of 35 °C for 12 h and 25 °C for 12 h”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alternating temperatures, flowering reached 91%.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Treatment
- a diurnal alternation of 35 °C for 12 h and 25 °C for 12 he1
- Outcome
- flowering percentagee0
- Direction
- as high ase0
- Value
- 91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the flowering percentage was as high as 91%”
e1“a diurnal alternation of 35 °C for 12 h and 25 °C for 12 h”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
A 16 h photoperiod and 200 µmol m −2 s −1 light promoted in vitro flowering.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Treatment
- A photoperiod of 16 h and a light intensity of 200 µmol m −2 s −1e0
- Outcome
- in vitro floweringe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A photoperiod of 16 h and a light intensity of 200 µmol m −2 s −1 also promoted in vitro flowering”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
With that light regime, flower buds formed in approximately 33 d.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Treatment
- A photoperiod of 16 h and a light intensity of 200 µmol m −2 s −1e1
- Outcome
- flower buds formede0
- Value
- approximately 33 de0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under these conditions, flower buds formed within approximately 33 d”
e1“A photoperiod of 16 h and a light intensity of 200 µmol m −2 s −1”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
With that light regime, flowering was approximately 90%.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Treatment
- A photoperiod of 16 h and a light intensity of 200 µmol m −2 s −1e1
- Outcome
- flowering percentagee0
- Value
- approximately 90%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the flowering percentage was approximately 90%”
e1“A photoperiod of 16 h and a light intensity of 200 µmol m −2 s −1”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Long photoperiods and high light intensity suppressed bud development and flowering.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Treatment
- relatively long photoperiods and high light intensitye0
- Outcome
- flower bud developmente0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relatively long photoperiods and high light intensity suppressed flower bud development, reduced flowering, and shortened flower lifespan”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Long photoperiods and high light intensity reduced flowering.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Treatment
- relatively long photoperiods and high light intensitye0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relatively long photoperiods and high light intensity suppressed flower bud development, reduced flowering, and shortened flower lifespan”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
Long photoperiods and high light intensity shortened flower lifespan.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Treatment
- relatively long photoperiods and high light intensitye0
- Outcome
- flower lifespane0
- Direction
- shortenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relatively long photoperiods and high light intensity suppressed flower bud development, reduced flowering, and shortened flower lifespan”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro flowers were lighter than in vivo flowers.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Organ / stage
- flowerse0
- Outcome
- lighter coloure0
- Comparator
- in vivo flowerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in vitro flowers had a lighter colour and smaller petals than did the in vivo flowers”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro flowers had smaller petals than in vivo flowers.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Organ / stage
- petalse0
- Outcome
- smaller petalse0
- Comparator
- in vivo flowerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in vitro flowers had a lighter colour and smaller petals than did the in vivo flowers”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro flowers retained intact floral and reproductive structures.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Outcome
- floral structures (including their reproductive structures) were intacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their floral structures (including their reproductive structures) were intact”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”
Claim · model-written summary
The system allows efficient identification of long and short morphs.
- Taxon
- Plumbago auriculataPlumbago auriculatat0
- Outcome
- efficient identification of long and short P. auriculata morphse0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This system allows the efficient identification of long and short P. auriculata morphs”
t0“Plumbago auriculata”