Abstract
The spatial distribution of root systems in the soil has major impacts on soil water and nutrient uptake and ultimately crop yield. This research aimed to optimize the root distribution patterns, growth, and yield of cherry tomato by using a number of emitters per plant. A randomized complete block design technique was adopted by selecting eight treatments with two irrigation regimes and four levels of emitters under greenhouse conditions. The experiment results showed that the root distribution extended over the entire pot horizontally and shifted vertically upwards with increased emitter density. The deficit irrigation resulted in reduced horizontal root extension and shifted the root concentrations deeper. Notably, tomato plants with two emitters per plant and deficit irrigation treatment showed an optimal root distribution compared to the other treatments, showing wider and deeper dispersion measurements and higher root length density and root weight density through the soil with the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.3 and 1.1 cm cm−3, 89.8 and 77.7 µg cm−3, and 4.20 and 4.24 during spring–summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively). The increases in yield and water use efficiency (due to increased yield) were 19% and 18.8%, respectively, for spring–summer cropping season and 11.5% and 11.8%, respectively, for fall–winter cropping season, with two emitters per plant over a single emitter. The decrease in yield was 5.3% and 4%, and increase in water use efficiency (due to deficit irrigation) was 26.2% and 27.9% for spring-summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively, by deficit irrigation over full irrigation. Moreover, it was observed that two, three, and four emitters per plant had no significant effects on yield and water use efficiency. Thus, it was concluded that two emitters per plant with deficit irrigation is optimum under greenhouse conditions for the cultivation of potted cherry tomatoes, considering the root morphology, root distribution, dry matter production, yield, water use efficiency, and economic analysis.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Higher emitter density shifted root distribution upward while roots extended horizontally across the pot.
- Taxon
- Cherry Tomato
Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0 - Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- increased emitter densitye0
- Outcome
- root distributione0
- Direction
- shifted vertically upwardse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“root distribution extended over the entire pot horizontally and shifted vertically upwards with increased emitter density”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced horizontal root extension.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- horizontal root extensione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“The deficit irrigation resulted in reduced horizontal root extension and shifted the root concentrations deeper”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation shifted root concentrations deeper.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- root concentrationse0
- Direction
- shifted the root concentrations deepere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“The deficit irrigation resulted in reduced horizontal root extension and shifted the root concentrations deeper”
Claim · model-written summary
Two emitters with deficit irrigation gave wider and deeper root dispersion than other treatments.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- two emitters per plant and deficit irrigation treatmente0
- Outcome
- dispersion measurementse0
- Direction
- wider and deepere0
- Comparator
- the other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“tomato plants with two emitters per plant and deficit irrigation treatment showed an optimal root distribution compared to the other treatments, showing wider and deeper dispersion measurements”
Claim · model-written summary
Two emitters with deficit irrigation gave higher root length density.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Outcome
- root length densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.3 and 1.1 cm cm−3e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“higher root length density and root weight density through the soil with the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.3 and 1.1 cm cm−3, 89.8 and 77.7 µg cm−3, and 4.20 and 4.24 during spring–summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two emitters with deficit irrigation gave higher root weight density.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Outcome
- root weight densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 89.8 and 77.7 µg cm−3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“higher root length density and root weight density through the soil with the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.3 and 1.1 cm cm−3, 89.8 and 77.7 µg cm−3, and 4.20 and 4.24 during spring–summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two emitters with deficit irrigation gave the highest benefit–cost ratio.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Outcome
- benefit–cost ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.20 and 4.24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.3 and 1.1 cm cm−3, 89.8 and 77.7 µg cm−3, and 4.20 and 4.24 during spring–summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two emitters per plant increased yield by 19% in spring–summer compared with one emitter.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- two emitters per plante0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Qualifier
- spring–summere0
- Comparator
- a single emittere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“The increases in yield and water use efficiency (due to increased yield) were 19% and 18.8%, respectively, for spring–summer cropping season and 11.5% and 11.8%, respectively, for fall–winter cropping season, with two emitters per plant over a single emitter.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two emitters per plant increased water use efficiency by 18.8% in spring–summer compared with one emitter.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- two emitters per plante0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 18.8%e0
- Qualifier
- spring–summere0
- Comparator
- a single emittere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“The increases in yield and water use efficiency (due to increased yield) were 19% and 18.8%, respectively, for spring–summer cropping season and 11.5% and 11.8%, respectively, for fall–winter cropping season, with two emitters per plant over a single emitter.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two emitters per plant increased yield by 11.5% in fall–winter compared with one emitter.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- two emitters per plante0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 11.5%e0
- Qualifier
- fall–wintere0
- Comparator
- a single emittere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“The increases in yield and water use efficiency (due to increased yield) were 19% and 18.8%, respectively, for spring–summer cropping season and 11.5% and 11.8%, respectively, for fall–winter cropping season, with two emitters per plant over a single emitter.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two emitters per plant increased water use efficiency by 11.8% in fall–winter compared with one emitter.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- two emitters per plante0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 11.8%e0
- Qualifier
- fall–wintere0
- Comparator
- a single emittere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“The increases in yield and water use efficiency (due to increased yield) were 19% and 18.8%, respectively, for spring–summer cropping season and 11.5% and 11.8%, respectively, for fall–winter cropping season, with two emitters per plant over a single emitter.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation decreased yield by 5.3% in spring-summer relative to full irrigation.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 5.3%e0
- Qualifier
- spring-summere0
- Comparator
- full irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“The decrease in yield was 5.3% and 4%, and increase in water use efficiency (due to deficit irrigation) was 26.2% and 27.9% for spring-summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively, by deficit irrigation over full irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation decreased yield by 4% in fall-winter relative to full irrigation.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 4%e0
- Qualifier
- fall-wintere0
- Comparator
- full irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“The decrease in yield was 5.3% and 4%, and increase in water use efficiency (due to deficit irrigation) was 26.2% and 27.9% for spring-summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively, by deficit irrigation over full irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased water use efficiency by 26.2% in spring-summer relative to full irrigation.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 26.2%e0
- Qualifier
- spring-summere0
- Comparator
- full irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“The decrease in yield was 5.3% and 4%, and increase in water use efficiency (due to deficit irrigation) was 26.2% and 27.9% for spring-summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively, by deficit irrigation over full irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased water use efficiency by 27.9% in fall-winter relative to full irrigation.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 27.9%e0
- Qualifier
- fall-wintere0
- Comparator
- full irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“The decrease in yield was 5.3% and 4%, and increase in water use efficiency (due to deficit irrigation) was 26.2% and 27.9% for spring-summer and fall-winter cropping seasons, respectively, by deficit irrigation over full irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two, three and four emitters did not significantly differ in yield or water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Treatment
- two, three, and four emitters per plante0
- Outcome
- yield and water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“two, three, and four emitters per plant had no significant effects on yield and water use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend two emitters per plant with deficit irrigation for potted cherry tomatoes in greenhouses.
- Taxon
- Cherry TomatoSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformet0
- Outcome
- two emitters per plant with deficit irrigatione0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cherry Tomato”
e0“two emitters per plant with deficit irrigation is optimum under greenhouse conditions for the cultivation of potted cherry tomatoes”
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